*2.1.2.2. High‐resolution satellite data*

the solar calibrators reduced the satellite's radiation‐calibration errors to less than 5%, which is five times that of a traditional satellite. Landsat‐8, which carried the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), was launched in 2013 by NASA [54]. OLI includes all of the bands in ETM+, improved to exclude water absorption characteristics. Comparing the previous sensors, OLI excluded the water absorption characteristics in 0.825 μm in band 5; the range of panchromatic band 8 was narrow, which can help in differentiating the vegetation and nonvegetation. Furthermore, two added bands were included in Landsat‐ 8, which were band 1 coastal (0.433–0.453 μm) for coastal zone monitoring and band 9 cirrus (1.360–1.390 μm) for clouds monitoring; the near‐ and short‐infrared bands were closer to the MODIS bands. **Tables 2** and **3** show the Landsat launched by the United States and the bands

**Satellite Landsat‐1 Landsat‐2 Landsat‐3 Landsat‐4 Landsat‐5 Landsat‐6 Landsat‐7 Landsat‐8**

Height (km) 920 920 920 705 705 – 705 705 Cycle (days) 18 18 18 16 16 16 16 16

Scan width (km) 185 185 185 185 185 185 185\*170 170\*180

Sensor MSS MSS MSS MSS, TM MSS, TM ETM+ ETM+ OLI, TIRS

**Band (μm) Spatial**

**resolution (m)**

Number of band 4 4 4 7 7 8 8 11

**Table 2.** Landsat launched by the United States for remote sensing monitoring.

**Band (μm) Spatial**

Band 1 Coastal 0.433–0.453 30

Band 9 Cirrus 1.360–1.390 30

**Table 3.** Bands included in ETM+ and OLI.

**Name OLI Name ETM+**

**resolution (m)**

Band 2 Blue 0.450–0.515 30 Band 1 Blue 0.450–0.515 30 Band 3 Green 0.525–0.600 30 Band 2 Green 0.525–0.605 30 Band 4 Red 0.630–0.680 30 Band 3 Red 0.630–0.690 30 Band 5 NIR 0.845–0.885 30 Band 4 NIR 0.775–0.900 30 Band 6 SWIR 1 1.560–1.660 30 Band 5 SWIR 1 1.550–1.750 30 Band 7 SWIR 2 2.100–2.300 30 Band 6 SWIR 2 2.090–2.350 30 Band 8 Pan 0.500–0.680 15 Band 7 Pan 0.520–0.900 15

included in ETM+ and OLI.

12 Sustainable Urbanization
