**4. Conclusion**

*3.2.5. Trade and investment linkage with China*

28 Sustainable Urbanization

**Country Dependent variable (***y***) Independent**

Myanmar UP (% of total) FDI from China

**Country Dependent variable (***y***) Independent**

Myanmar UP (% of total) GIE with China

a

a

level of 0.05).

level of 0.05).

the period from 2003 to 2013 (*n* = 11).

the period from 2000 to 2010 (*n* = 11).

**Tables 14** and **15** show both the results of the linear regression model examining the relation‐ ship between urbanization and FDI from China during the period from 2003 to 2013 and the results examining the relationship between urbanization and GIE with China during the period from 2000 to 2010 in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula. As shown in **Ta‐ ble 14**, the UP is highly correlated with FDI from China in the five countries, and the high *R* values indicate that urbanization is sensitive to increased investment from China. In addition, the functions derived from the analytical models demonstrate that investment from China is a key driving force for UP growth in the region. According to the analytical results of the relationship between UP (% of total) and GIE with China, we can obtain a similar situation with the aforementioned scenario, and the two items are highly correlated with each other in each country of the Indochinese Peninsula. Moreover, the derived functions show both that trade with China has positive effects on UP growth in the five countries and that increasing bilateral trade will be beneficial to facilitate urbanization in the region. Briefly, trade and investment with China have a substantial effect on the urbanization process in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula during the study period, and improving the economic coopera‐ tion between China and the five countries will contribute to the region's urbanization.

**variable (***x***)**

(million USD)

The functions were valid because they all passed the *F*‐test, and all of the regression coefficients passed the *t*‐test (at the

**Table 14.** Relationship between urbanization in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula and FDI from China during

Thailand 0.979 *y* = 0.26*x* + 31.19 Vietnam 0.950 *y* = 0.21*x* + 24.97 Laos 0.854 *y* = 9.54*x* + 24.64 Cambodia 0.961 *y* = 0.95*x* + 18.55

**variable (***x***)**

(million USD)

The functions were valid because they all passed the *F*‐test, and all of the regression coefficients passed the *t*‐test (at the

**Table 15.** Relationship between urbanization in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula and GIE with China during

Thailand 0.950 *y* = 0.005*x* + 37.60 Vietnam 0.952 *y* = 0.003*x* + 26.96 Laos 0.892 *y* = 0.004*x* + 28.08 Cambodia 0.939 *y* = 4.2*x* + 19.21

*R* **Functiona**

0.946 *y* = 0.001*x* + 29.07

*R* **Functiona**

0.934 *y* = 1.17*x* + 27.00

This chapter presents a review of the urbanization in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula using advanced remote sensing technology. It also analyzes the driving forces for urban expansion. Our conclusions are as follows:

**1.** The urbanization progress increased rapidly in the Indochinese Peninsula region both in terms of urban areas and UP; however, the level of urban development in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula appears to represent a spatial heterogeneity; Thailand and Vietnam have expanded rapidly in urban land compared to the other countries in the study period, whereas Laos remains at a low level of development. Overall, the urbani‐ zation of the Mekong countries remains broad.

	- **•** Its focus on the areas of the Indochinese Peninsula in which the most rapid urbanization is occurring.
	- **•** It adoption of the latest and most precise data set.
	- **•** Its integrated analysis that employed multiple principles and multiple‐level data.
