**6.1. Urban change detection by RS**

Landsat imageries taken on August 2002 and 2015 were classified using object-based classifi‐ cation approach. A post-classification change detection technique was applied and atmos‐ pheric or radiometric correction is not necessary in this technique. Also, Landsat imageries have already been corrected geometrically. Segmentation parameters were modified after a small experimental application. Seven LUCs were classified, except Van lake area: agriculture, grassland, bareground, settlement, bulrush, woodland, and inland water.

August 2002 and 2015 overall *κ* classification coefficiencies were obtained as 0.89 and 0.92, respectively. The urban built-up area was 2066 ha in 2002 and increased to 7694 ha in 2015. Then, 3841 ha agriculture, 1265 ha grassland, 328 ha bareground, 89 ha woodland, and 18 ha bulrush areas were transformed to the urban. Particularly, after the 2011 earthquakes, urban growth system was changed and new residential areas were established on the far regions from the city center. This was affected urban built-up area change fast (**Figure 5**).

**Figure 5.** LUC of Van central city area (2015–2002) and changes in urban built-up areas.
