*4.2.2. Tree water consumption*

employs the LID controls, ending up with a total site area of 107.04 acres. **Table 1** shows other

According to **Table 2**, the number of days with runoff of the existing condition, traditional design, and the design employing LID controls are 46.93, 39.29, and 12.03 days, respectively. The percentage of water infiltration into the site is 47.42, 47.68, and 83.98%, respectively. The greatest rainfall without runoff increases by the design deploying LID treatments from 0.3 in. of predevelopment to 0.94 in. The SWC model indicates that the LID treatments can retain much more water on site and reduce the burden of stormwater infrastructure and their costs.

different parameters that the team used in the SWC tool.

76 Sustainable Urbanization

**Figure 8.** SWC analysis results.

Based on the GVSU tree canopy analysis, the average tree area for each tree is 360 sq. ft [18]. We estimate evapotranspiration in Grand Rapids is 31.48 inch per year, based on the real-time and historical evapotranspiration data collected in Sparta, MI [25]. The study also estimated other water-conserving tree species' plant factor as 0.4. The selected tree species are Service‐ berry, Alternate leaved dogwood, Juneberry, American hophornbeam, Allegheny serviceber‐ ry, White oak, Bur oak, Kentucky coffeetree, Red oak, Northen hackberry, Blackcherry, Basswood, Shagbark hickory, Pignut hickory, Black spruce, Eastern red cedar, and Eastern white pine. Based on the suggestions given by *SLIDE: Simplified Landscape Irrigation Demand Estimation* [16], Black spruce and Basswood tree species used 0.5 as the plant factor, while the remains used 0.4. As a result, the average landscape water demand for each tree on site is 2442.41 gal./year, decreased 53.89 gal./year from 2496.3 gal./year, the current average tree demand water.

#### *4.2.3. Change in land cover and reduction in heat island effect*

The pervious surface area includes green roof the team designed for the buildings on the site. The shadow area was added by building shadows and tree shadows. The postdevelopment site only added 0.17-acre building shadow, but increased 3.63-acre and 8.34-acre tree shadows for postdevelopment and postdevelopment with LID controls, respectively. The more shade the site provides, the more heat **Table 3**.


**Table 3.** Land use change.
