**2. Conclusions**

root number of 1.14 in the control group of *L. artvinense* was increased to 2.50 with 1000 ppm IBA treatment [76]. Guney et al. [61] also reported that the root number of 1.2 in the *L.*

The reports conducted on other plant species also show that root number can be increased with hormone treatments. Sevik and Guney [93] reported that the root number of 2.67 in the control group of *M. officinalis* L. was increased to 5.5 with 5000 ppm IBA treatment. Yildiz [96] also reported that the root number of 1.67 in the control group of plum was increased to the average number of 2.3 in the seeds treated with IBA, whereas Ayanoğlu and Özkan [86] indicated that the root number of 4.22 in the control group of *Salvia officinalis* L. was increased to 22.35 with 100 ppm IBA treatment. Similarly, there are studies revealing that IBA treatment can increase the number of roots four to five times in peach, plum and cherry cuttings [85]. In the work by Demiral and Ülger [97], the root number of 4.40 in the control group of cherry cuttings was increased to 16.29 with 6 mg/l NAA treatment, while in the research by Sevik et al. [87] the average root number of 5.82 in the control group of *S. arboricola* L. was increased to 9.63 and 12.33 with 1000 ppm NAA and GA3 treatments, respectively. In the report by Polat et al. [83], the root number of 0.38 in the control group of plum cuttings was increased to 10.43 with 2000 ppm IBA treatment, while in the research by Sevik and Guney [98], the root number of 4.8 in the control group of *M. officinalis* L. could be increased to 12.5 with 1000 ppm IAA

The findings of this study also reveal that hormone treatments have affected the root length of the plants to a considerable extent, increasing the root length of 27.153 mm in the control group up to 66.419 mm with 5000 ppm IBA treatment. However, more importantly, root lengths were found to be higher than those in the control groups after all hormone treatments.

The highest root lengths were obtained with 3000 ppm IBA treatment in the work by Turhan [65] on *L. martagon*, in the report by Guney et al. [61] on *L. martagon* seeds and in the research

The works conducted show that the root length can be increased to 2.75 times in *L. artvinense* with 3000 ppm GA3 treatment [76], 16.17 times in plum cuttings with 2000 ppm IBA treatment [83], 2.34 times in cherry cuttings with 4000 ppm IBA treatment [85], 1.63 times in *S. arborico‐ la* with 1000 ppm IBA treatment [10] and 2.26 times in sage with 100 ppm IBA [87], as compared

Besides, results also show that, just like the root length, the highest stem height and diameter values have been obtained with 5000 ppm IBA treatment. Stem height and diameter values are 34 and 27% higher than those of the control group, respectively. Therefore, the treatments can be said not to have such a huge effect on stem formation as to make a significant difference. Similar results were also obtained from *L. martagon* seeds. The stem height of 7.16 mm in the control group of *L. martagon* increased to 8.17 mm with 3000 ppm IBA treatment, and the stem diameter of 2.93 mm increased to 3.78 with 5000 ppm IBA treatment [61]. Likewise, Turhan [65] reported that the stem number of 0.82 in the control group of *L. martagon* increased to 0.91 with 1000 ppm IBA + 1000 ppm IAA treatment, the stem height of 9.05 mm increased to 9.19 mm

Therefore, the treatments can be said to have a positive effect on the root length.

by Topacoglu et al. [99] on *Ficus benjamina* cuttings.

*martagon* seeds increased up to 2.0 with 3000 ppm GA3 treatment.

102 New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology

treatment.

to the control group.

Collecting of endangered *Lilium* species for commercial purposes is a great harm to the natural populations. The most effective way to prevent the collection of endangered species from the wild is to establish simple, cost-effective and reproducible methods of cultivation. To date, most studies focus on *Lilium* cultivation using microculture techniques, which are costly and hard to apply for the villagers who collect the flowers from the wild. Therefore, the question is still open.

This report attempted to define simple, inexpensive and effective cultivation methods for *Lilium* species. The work found that hormones applied using simple mechanisms could increase rooting process to a great extent, as well as enhancing the morphological traits of newly generated plants.

The results of this study show that all hormones have been extremely effective especially in increasing germination percentage. The germination percentage of 40% in the control group increased up to 60.66, 75.34, 82.66 and 84% in the seeds treated with NAA, IAA, IBA and GA3, respectively. Besides, 100% germination percentage was achieved with 5000 ppm GA3 treatment.

In addition, the results also reveal that hormone treatments affect each treatment differently. For example, the highest rooting percentage was obtained with 5000 ppm GA3 treatment. On the other hand, the highest number of roots was obtained with 5000 ppm NAA treatment, while the highest root length, stem height and stem diameter values were obtained with 5000 ppm IBA treatment. In practice, it would be best to use the hormone which has the greatest effect on the treatment that is desired to be enhanced.

Similar works may be repeated especially on species that are important in terms of mass cultivation, such as ornamental plants or medicinal or aromatic plants, and important data may be acquired as a result. Thus, further studies will help innovating effort, time and costsaving practices in plant cultivation.
