Contents



#### Chapter 3 **Oxidative Stress and Essential Hypertension 27** Ramón Rodrigo, Roberto Brito and Jaime González


Chapter 7 **ACE I/D (Rs1799752), MTHFR C677T (Rs1801133), and CCR5 D32 (Rs333) Genes and their Association with Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy in Urban Areas of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Mexico 113** Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez, Juan Jose Madrigal-Sanchez, Pedro Gonzalez-Martinez, Edel Paredes, Ligia Vera-Gamboa, Norma Pavia Ruz and Nina Valadez-Gonzalez Chapter 8 **Relevance of Personalized Health Care in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: Where are we now? 131** Carmen Binder, Hans Hendrik Schäfer, Edelgard Kaiser, Martin Hund and Thomas Dieterle Chapter 9 **Myocardial Connexin-43 is Implicated in the Prevention of**

**Malignant Arrhythmia in Rats Suffering from Essential Hypertension 185** Tamara Egan Benova, Barbara Szeiffova Bacova, Csilla Viczenczova, Miroslav Barancik and Narcis Tribulova

Chapter 10 **Hypertension and Hypertension-Related Disparities in Underrepresented Minorities 209** Carlos J. Rodriguez

## Preface

Chapter 7 **ACE I/D (Rs1799752), MTHFR C677T (Rs1801133), and CCR5**

**Nicaragua, and Mexico 113**

**VI** Contents

Ruz and Nina Valadez-Gonzalez

Hund and Thomas Dieterle

**Hypertension 185**

Carlos J. Rodriguez

**D32 (Rs333) Genes and their Association with Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy in Urban Areas of Costa Rica,**

Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez, Juan Jose Madrigal-Sanchez, Pedro Gonzalez-Martinez, Edel Paredes, Ligia Vera-Gamboa, Norma Pavia

Carmen Binder, Hans Hendrik Schäfer, Edelgard Kaiser, Martin

**Malignant Arrhythmia in Rats Suffering from Essential**

Tamara Egan Benova, Barbara Szeiffova Bacova, Csilla Viczenczova,

Chapter 8 **Relevance of Personalized Health Care in Patients with Arterial**

Chapter 9 **Myocardial Connexin-43 is Implicated in the Prevention of**

**Hypertension: Where are we now? 131**

Miroslav Barancik and Narcis Tribulova

Chapter 10 **Hypertension and Hypertension-Related Disparities in Underrepresented Minorities 209**

Essential hypertension is a quantitative characteristic that is important for correlating with the rate of the morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing countries. The eti‐ ology of essential hypertension is complex; it is a major contributor to cardiovascular dis‐ ease, a leading cause of death in many countries. For this reason, there exists a commitment of many health organizations worldwide to continue initiatives of research in hypertension. Now it is clear that multiple factors interact in this development. To prevent hard end points, early definitive diagnosis and optimum therapy play a significant role. This work, authored by renowned researchers in the field of Hypertension Research, details the state of the art in new knowledge related with essential hypertension. Novel advanced topics are present in a sole document, as well as hypertension in children; the contribution in the psy‐ chiatric comorbidities associated with hypertension; the role of the oxidative stress at differ‐ ent levels, and mechanisms of omega-3 in protection against hypertension-related organ damage are described. Other topics included in the book are genetics-associated studies; the role of pollution in essential hypertension; personalized healthcare in a hypertensive patient; and hypertension and hypertension-related disparities between ethnic groups, so that essen‐ tial hypertension continuous to be one of the hottest topics in contemporary medicine.

This book is dedicated to my parents Carlos e Isabel and to my daughter Brenda.

**Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez** Medicine School, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica

**Update in Hypertension**
