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**12** 

 *Poland* 

*1Technical University of Wrocław, 2Medical University of Wrocław* 

**Analysis of Biological Acoustic Waves by** 

**Means of the Phase–Sensitivity Technique** 

Wojciech Michalski1, Wojciech Dziewiszek2 and Marek Bochnia2

The analysis of hearing mechanisms and research on the influence of various internal (pathologies, ageing) and external (trauma, vibration, noise) factors on sound perception are usually done using acoustic waves induced in the external ear canal. Stimuli which have been used for this purpose are: clicks, tone bursts, half-sine-waves, single tones or pairs of tones. The Corti organ's responses to the external stimuli have either an electric or acoustic character. In the former case, these are cochlear microphonics (CMs) picked up from the surface or from the inside of the cochlea, which are usually used as an indicator of damage to the organ of Corti in animals. In the latter case, these are acoustic waves that appear in the external ear canal as a result of stimulation. The acoustic waves have an important clinical value. Taking into account the presence of nonlinear distortions in the cochlea, the waves that appear after stimulation with a pair of tones are called distortion product otoacoustic

In studies on CMs, the origin of stimulating waves is often a single earphone (controlled by a generator of defined, often periodical, electrical signals) placed in the external auditory canal. In studies on DPOAE, a probe with two miniature earphones and one microphone is placed in the external auditory canal. The earphones are controlled by two generators of frequencies *f*1 and *f2* and the microphone converts the returned DPOAE wave with a

The acoustic wave which induces CM signals is usually a periodic wave, while the waves inducing DPOAE signals consist of two pure tones. Thanks to the easy access to the output(s) of the generator(s) the phase-sensitive detection (PSD) technique can be used to measure both CM and DPOAE signals. Very weak (even below single microvolts) CM and DPOAE signals originating from the unimpaired cochlea can be measured in this way. Thanks to this technique signals obscured by other disturbing sources (even thousand times larger) can be measured accurately. This is possible because the phase-sensitive detector singles out the input signal with a specific reference frequency while signals with frequencies different from the reference are rejected. The fundamentals of this technique and

In section 3, the authors' own experiments aimed at determining the effect various factors on the electrical function of the Corti organ are described. The factors include: vibration

combination frequency, e.g. 3 12 *f ff* = − 2 , into an electrical signal.

its measuring potential are described in section 2.

**1. Introduction** 

emissions (DPOAE).

