**1. Introduction**

The advancement of technology in the textile market has led scientists and researchers to develop novel finishes to add high value on deferent textile materials. It was a new window for researchers to advent and explore new research fields which include geotextiles, flame retardant textiles, insect repellent textiles, aroma textiles, medical textiles, smart textiles, antibacterial textiles, and nanotextiles, etc.

Recent developments in the textile industry are mainly focused on physical and chemical modifications on surface of fibers and fabrics. Different chemical and biological methods have been used electively to improve or impart permanent functional properties on the surface of textile materials. However, some of these chemicals are toxic and sometimes expensive [1].

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Alternatively, radiation technology involving low energy use, no chemicals, ease to handling, and high treatment speed can modify the surface of textiles and improve dye uptake, printing, fastness properties, adhesion of coatings, and adsorption of used chemicals.

In this chapter the effect of ultraviolet (UV), gamma, plasma, laser, microwave, electron beam, ion beam, ultrasonic on surface, chemical, and physical and mechanical properties of textile materials is fully discussed.
