**1. Introduction**

Historically, cancer and other health risks stemming from exposure to low-level radiation have been difficult to evaluate due to the high spontaneous frequency of age-related cancer and

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degenerative diseases. With the dramatic increase in exposure of the human population to lowdose radiation either from diagnostic procedures, industrial applications, mining, cleanup of contaminated sites, and space travel, there has been a great scientific need for better estimates of the risks to such exposures. One of the driving forces behind the low-dose radiation re‐ search is developing specialized radiation technology and novel, versatile biophysics tools for such radiation biology and radiation physics studies.
