Contents

## **Preface XI**


#### X Contents



## Preface

**Section 3 Energy Storage Systems Technology 155**

**VI** Contents

Chapter 7 **Energy Storage Systems for Energy Management of**

Chapter 8 **Energy Storage Technology for Decentralised Energy Management: Future Prospects 183** Bartek A. Glowacki and Emma S Hanley

**Section 4 Energy Management Systems for Smart Homes 201**

Chapter 9 **Securing the Home Energy Management Platform 203**

**Section 5 Economical Optimization of Operational Cost for**

**Microgrid under Uncertainty 227**

**Micro-Grids 225**

Søren Aagaard Mikkelsen and Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen

Chapter 10 **Energy Management and Economic Operation Optimization of**

Shouxiang Wang, Leijiao Ge, Kai Wang and Shengxia Cai

Amjed Hina Fathima and Kaliannan Palanisamy

**Renewables in Distributed Generation Systems 157**

Over the past decade, Energy Management of Distributed Generation Systems has been at‐ tracting an increasing interest and has become a major part of Smart (Micro)-Grids. The fu‐ ture Smart Grids with Energy Management Systems will include more Distributed Generation Systems, such as renewable energy sources, and also power electronics convert‐ ers, energy storage technologies, advanced communications, and smart homes. On the edge of the Smart Grid infrastructure, where the consumers can produce energy from several lo‐ cal and distributed generation units, the need for energy management tools and control al‐ gorithms becomes an important option. To address these issues, many papers and books have proposed numerous software architectures and simulation models/tools.

The Smart Grids contain clusters of Micro-Grids, where generation, storage, and consump‐ tion take place. The new energy management systems will require different control para‐ digms that cope with increasing complexity of traditional power plants, with new energy conversion devices and systems, to ensure the Smart Grid systems' reliable operation, flexi‐ bility, and scalability.

Advanced distributed and decentralized transactive control structures are a feasible option for interconnected small-scale power plants and energy storage systems. Distributed con‐ trollers are particularly an attractive option to accommodate significant aggregation of re‐ newable energy sources and active loads, such as smart homes and electric vehicles.

The objective of this book is to disseminate research and development results and to give an overview in the area of Energy Management of Distributed Generation using Renewable En‐ ergy Sources with actively controlled loads, such as Smart Homes, Electric Vehicles, and En‐ ergy Storage Systems. I would like to thank all authors and contributors of the individual chapters for their efforts and for the quality of the research material submitted. I would also like to thank Publishing Process Manager of this book for supporting this project and for a great support and collaboration during the publishing process.

The book contains 10 chapters, which is divided into five parts/sections. The first section entitled "Distributed Control and Energy Management of Renewable Energy Sources" in‐ cluding the first three chapters provides an overview of Energy Management of Distributed Systems, outlining the typical concepts, such as Demand-Side Management, Demand Re‐ sponse, Distributed, and Hierarchical Control for Smart Micro-Grids. The second section contains three chapters and presents different control algorithms, software architectures, and simulation tools dedicated to Energy Management Systems. In the third section, it is shown the importance and the role of energy storage technology in a Distribution System, describing and comparing different types of energy storage systems. The fourth section shows how to identify and address potential threats for a Home Energy Management Sys‐ tem. Finally, the fifth section discusses about Economical Optimization of Operational Cost for Micro-Grids, pointing out the effect of renewable energy sources, active loads, and ener‐ gy storage systems on economic operation.

The first chapter, entitled "Distributed Control and Management of Renewable Electric En‐ ergy Resources for Future Grid Requirements" by Gassem Mokhtari et al., discusses some of the concepts used for distributed control, illustrating an application with case studies to support the method.

The second chapter, entitled "Coordinated Demand Response and Distributed Generation Management in Residential Smart Micro-Grids" by Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam et al., de‐ scribes the functionality of a typical Demand-Side Management (DSM) strategy implement‐ ed on a building-level small-scale integrated energy system for a Residential Smart Micro-Grid. An efficient framework for coordinated Demand Response and Distributed Energy Management into an integrated building and Smart Micro-Grid is outlined. The third chap‐ ter, entitled "Hierarchical Control for DC Micro-Grids" by Ahmed Mohamed, outlines as‐ pects related to the design and control of DC Micro-Grids, pointing out the interaction of the Micro-Grid Central Controller with the controller of the main grid.

The second section "Development of Control Algorithms, Software Architectures, and Simu‐ lation Tools for Energy Management Systems" contains three chapters (Chapters 4–6). The fourth chapter, entitled "Development of an Energy Management System Control Algo‐ rithm for a Remote Community Micro-Grid System" by Arno Vosloo and Atanda K. Raji, points out the importance of controlling the output power of Micro-Grid components and the role of Energy Management for a Rural Micro-Grid System. The fifth chapter, entitled "Allocation of Distributed Generation for Maximum Reduction of Energy Losses in Distri‐ bution Systems" by Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Gerardo Guerra, presents the importance of introducing powerful simulation tools with the applications of parallel computing meth‐ ods, such as Parallel Monte Carlo approach, with respect to the allocation of Distributed Generation for maximum reduction of energy losses into Distribution Systems. The sixth chapter, entitled "The Role of Middleware in Distributed Energy Systems Integrated in the Smart Grid" by Jesus Rodriguez-Molina, deals with a software architecture for Smart Grids, which acts as a bridge between an operating system and real-time applications, pointing out the components and features of a Middleware architecture that works under the require‐ ments and the study cases of a Smart Grid.

The third section "Energy Storage Systems Technology for Energy Management" contains two chapters. The focus of the seventh chapter, entitled "Energy Storage Systems for Energy Management of Renewable Energy Sources" by Ahmed H. Fathima and Palanisamy Ka‐ liannan, is on the importance and the role of energy storage technology in a Distribution System, describing different types of energy storage systems and their applications related to Energy Management of integrated renewable systems. The eighth chapter, entitled "Ener‐ gy Storage Technology and Decentralized Energy Management-Future Prospects" by Bartek A. Glowacki and Emma S. Hanley, evaluates and compares a few of energy storage technol‐ ogies used to analyze Energy Management within the Decentralized Renewable and Storage Systems. Additionally, the integration of hydrogen storage technology and the use of hydro‐ gen as an energy carrier in a decentralized airport scenario are highlighted.

The forth section "Energy Management Systems for Smart Homes" contains the ninth chap‐ ter "Securing the Home Energy Management Platform" by Soren Aagard and Jacobsen

Rune. This chapter is trying to identify and address potential threats for a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) as a step in designing process. Based on the threats that have been detected, mitigation strategies are proposed, taking into account the state-of-the-art technology for securing platform of the HEMS.

tem. Finally, the fifth section discusses about Economical Optimization of Operational Cost for Micro-Grids, pointing out the effect of renewable energy sources, active loads, and ener‐

The first chapter, entitled "Distributed Control and Management of Renewable Electric En‐ ergy Resources for Future Grid Requirements" by Gassem Mokhtari et al., discusses some of the concepts used for distributed control, illustrating an application with case studies to

The second chapter, entitled "Coordinated Demand Response and Distributed Generation Management in Residential Smart Micro-Grids" by Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam et al., de‐ scribes the functionality of a typical Demand-Side Management (DSM) strategy implement‐ ed on a building-level small-scale integrated energy system for a Residential Smart Micro-Grid. An efficient framework for coordinated Demand Response and Distributed Energy Management into an integrated building and Smart Micro-Grid is outlined. The third chap‐ ter, entitled "Hierarchical Control for DC Micro-Grids" by Ahmed Mohamed, outlines as‐ pects related to the design and control of DC Micro-Grids, pointing out the interaction of the

The second section "Development of Control Algorithms, Software Architectures, and Simu‐ lation Tools for Energy Management Systems" contains three chapters (Chapters 4–6). The fourth chapter, entitled "Development of an Energy Management System Control Algo‐ rithm for a Remote Community Micro-Grid System" by Arno Vosloo and Atanda K. Raji, points out the importance of controlling the output power of Micro-Grid components and the role of Energy Management for a Rural Micro-Grid System. The fifth chapter, entitled "Allocation of Distributed Generation for Maximum Reduction of Energy Losses in Distri‐ bution Systems" by Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Gerardo Guerra, presents the importance of introducing powerful simulation tools with the applications of parallel computing meth‐ ods, such as Parallel Monte Carlo approach, with respect to the allocation of Distributed Generation for maximum reduction of energy losses into Distribution Systems. The sixth chapter, entitled "The Role of Middleware in Distributed Energy Systems Integrated in the Smart Grid" by Jesus Rodriguez-Molina, deals with a software architecture for Smart Grids, which acts as a bridge between an operating system and real-time applications, pointing out the components and features of a Middleware architecture that works under the require‐

The third section "Energy Storage Systems Technology for Energy Management" contains two chapters. The focus of the seventh chapter, entitled "Energy Storage Systems for Energy Management of Renewable Energy Sources" by Ahmed H. Fathima and Palanisamy Ka‐ liannan, is on the importance and the role of energy storage technology in a Distribution System, describing different types of energy storage systems and their applications related to Energy Management of integrated renewable systems. The eighth chapter, entitled "Ener‐ gy Storage Technology and Decentralized Energy Management-Future Prospects" by Bartek A. Glowacki and Emma S. Hanley, evaluates and compares a few of energy storage technol‐ ogies used to analyze Energy Management within the Decentralized Renewable and Storage Systems. Additionally, the integration of hydrogen storage technology and the use of hydro‐

The forth section "Energy Management Systems for Smart Homes" contains the ninth chap‐ ter "Securing the Home Energy Management Platform" by Soren Aagard and Jacobsen

gen as an energy carrier in a decentralized airport scenario are highlighted.

Micro-Grid Central Controller with the controller of the main grid.

gy storage systems on economic operation.

ments and the study cases of a Smart Grid.

support the method.

VIII Preface

The last section "Economical Optimization of Operational Cost for Micro-Grids" contains the 10th chapter "Energy Management and Economic Operation Optimization of Microgrid under Uncertainty" by Wang Shouxiang et al. The chapter proposes a Micro-Grid economic optimization model based on uncertainty characteristics of DER components, such as wind turbines and PV systems, and energy storage systems. Considering the effect of energy stor‐ age on economic operation, the chapter also discusses the impacts of uncertainties of renew‐ able energy sources and loads on optimization model, as well as the effects of load fluctuation on scheduling results.

**Associate Professor Lucian Mihet-Popa**

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania

**Distributed Control and Energy Management of Renewable Energy Sources**
