**4. Conclusion and implications for future research**

Surface modifications are of great clinical importance, regardless of the core implant material, titanium, or zirconium. Hidrophilic and nanostructured SLActive surface accelerates osseoin‐ tegration and provides conditions for early or immediate loading. This surface ensures predictable implant outcome even in low-density bone due to enhanced biological response. Initial in vitro and in vivo animal studies indicate improved osteoblastic activity, enhanced osseointegration and stabile crestal bone level around microogroved zirconia implants treated with femtosecond laser. This recent findings make them a potential treatment option for everyday implantology. However, future research should examine clinical effects of laser microogroved zirconia implants in randomized clinical trials using sufficient sample size and proven methodology.
