**5. Conclusion**

There is some controversy on the possible attachment of connective tissue fibres to implant, but current studies indicate the presence of a parallel orientation with no insertion of periimplant connective tissue fibres. This difference in connective tissue attachment may affect the peri-implant tissue's susceptibility to disease. The gold standard for evaluating the connective tissue and epithelial attachment is assessing the histological section using various modes of processing, staining and analyses. The 3D OMM mimicking the oral tissue is a promising technique to be considered for evaluating the connective tissue attachment, yet the processing of the tissue/implant block is still similar to the tissue block obtained from animal/human. The reaction of cells on biomaterials is affected by the surface topography and surface physicochemistry of the materials. Various studies have shown that materials and surface modification of dental implants influence cell behaviour and interaction. Some of documented data were limited to cell response on the monolayer cell culture model and animal histological studies. Therefore, it is recommended that randomised controlled clinical trials are to be performed to determine the effects of dental implant materials and surface modifications on the peri-implant tissues.
