**Author details**

We model the system in four different conditions to demonstrate a parallel simulation defined by different spin rates. These conditions share a spin profile (**Figure 5a**) which involves a rapid acceleration to a maximum frequency, followed by rapid mixing, stopping the disc, and then fast acceleration back to the maximum frequency. These spin protocols are identical except for

**Figure 5.** Lumped-element simulation graph for main atmospheric reservoir. (a) Angular frequency profile vs the time. (b) Total inflow vs time. (c) Total net flow (flow-in-flow-out) vs time. (d) Filling level of the chamber due to the ingress of liquid into the reservoir. (e) Pressure generated in the pneumatic and centrifugal valve (A) due to angular velocity.

To demonstrate the wide capability of this lumped-element model to predict on disc perform‐ ance, a number of parameters are shown in **Figure 5** which have been calculated using the simulation software based on a number of defined boundaries and initial conditions. These parameters are the volume flow into the mixing chamber assuming no out volume flow through the two exits (**Figure 5b**); the net flow into the mixing chamber, assuming outflow

their magnitude; they have maximum spin rates of 20 Hz, 40 Hz, 60 Hz, and 80 Hz.

68 Lab-on-a-Chip Fabrication and Application

Mahdi Mohammadi, David J Kinahan and Jens Ducrée\*

\*Address all correspondence to: jens.ducree@dcu.ie

School of Physical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland
