**Author details**

Yehya H. Ghallab1,2\* and Yehea Ismail2\*

\*Address all correspondence to: yghallab@zewailcity.edu.eg and yismail@zewailcity.edu.eg

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

2 Centre of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND) at Zewail City of Science and Technology/ American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt

### **References**

**Figure 14.** The DeFET sensors' response in air and in fluid contains different cell size [42].

deal with the biological systems at the cell level.

Intel, SRC, Mentor Graphics, ASRT and MCIT.

Yehya H. Ghallab1,2\* and Yehea Ismail2\*

In this chapter, up‐to‐date, advances in CMOS circuits and systems based lab‐on‐a‐chip are provided and discussed. Additionally, distinctive applications of CMOS lab‐on‐a‐chip are presented. CMOS‐based lab‐on‐a‐chip guarantees many advantages to be provided to the biology and medicine fields. These advantages are portability, disposability and miniaturiza‐ tion. Also, these advantages allow scientists to do complex experiments anywhere with portable devices. However, until now, there is an unmet need for lab‐on‐a‐chip to effectively

This research was partially funded by Zewail City of Science and Technology, AUC, the STDF,

\*Address all correspondence to: yghallab@zewailcity.edu.eg and yismail@zewailcity.edu.eg

**3. Conclusion**

30 Lab-on-a-Chip Fabrication and Application

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**


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