**1. Introduction**

Amidst the added pressures associated with forecasting landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs), tornadic supercells embedded in the outer spiral rain bands are of particular concern to

operational forecasters. As the United States has become more industrialized, a larger percentage of the population has settled in coastal regions. As a consequence, the inherent dangers linked to landfalling TCs have become a more prevalent issue as more people are living in areas which are geographically and economically vulnerable to TCs [1, 2]. TC-induced tornadoes can occur during the evening or overnight hours, complicating visual confirmation due to the lack of daylight and/or being rain-wrapped. One of the goals associated with TC forecasting is the accurate anticipation of the timing and location of tornadogenesis with respect to a TC landfall. The tornadoes that do occur in association with TCs are rated based upon the Enhanced Fujita (EF) damage rating scale. A large portion of TC-induced tornadoes are of EF-2 intensity or weaker (maximum winds up to 117 kts), with a small percentage reaching EF-3 (maximum winds between 118 and 143 kts) and even more rarely EF-4 intensity (maximum winds between 144 and 174 kts) [3, 4]. This is reflected in **Figure 1** that illustrates the TC-tornado intensity breakdown based on the analysis in Tropical Cyclone Tornado Records for the Modernized NWS Era [4].

**Figure 1.** The breakdown of the percentage and number of the 1139 tornadoes that occurred between 1995 and 2009 TC based on their damage rating [4].

The motivation for presenting the content in this chapter is twofold. The first part involves revisiting previous research and assessing how it has benefited the atmospheric research and forecasting communities over the past few decades. The second part is assessing where atmospheric research needs to head moving forward based on the forthcoming results being presented. This chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 consists of an inclusive literature review covering 47 years of TC-induced tornadogenesis research, focusing on relevant statistics and dynamics. Section 3 presents an overview of the data sources that were utilized and the methods by which different contents were evaluated. Section 4 provides a detailed explanation of the results that are divided into two parts: a comprehensive synoptic analysis of 44 United States TC landfall events and detailed analyses of operational forecaster perspectives from the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). The objective of the SPC is to "deliver timely and accurate watch and forecast products/information dealing with severe weather, wildfires, and winter weather for the United States to protect lives and property" (http:// www.spc.noaa.gov).
