**Acknowledgements**

**Figure 10** shows the maximum SST decrease in the wake of the typhoon, comparing the simulations by adding BV with the two sets of satellite observations. Under the effect of the strengthened mixing estimates, SST in the wake reached the lowest temperature on November 3 with a value that is consistent with both sets of satellite observations. The maximum SST decreases on November 2 and November 3, respectively, relative to the pre‐typhoon conditions on October 28, which were 5.9°C and 6.2°C, which are close to the MWIR observations of 5.8°C and 6.3°C. Compared to the maximum temperature decreases without the BV term of 4.1°C on November 2 and 4.8°C on November 3 in the typhoon's wake, the wave‐induced mixing can improve the SST cooling by 1.7°C on November 2 and 1.4°C on November 3. This is with a weighting coefficient of 0.1. The associated mixed layer deepening was increased by 30 m on

82 Recent Developments in Tropical Cyclone Dynamics, Prediction, and Detection

A three‐dimensional simulation of the upper ocean in response to Typhoon Cimaron is investigated in this study, including both the physical and biological processes. The validation of SST was compared with two satellite observations, TMI AMSRE and MWIR OI SSTs, from October 30 to November 6. High correlation (over 84%) and low bias (between 0.4°C and 0.6°C) show that ROMS can reproduce the process of upper ocean response to Typhoon Cimaron quite well. Detailed analysis indicates that the surface cooling is underestimated due to the insufficient mixing in the ROMS model. To solve this problem, the wave‐induced mixing with a certain weighting coefficient was introduced into the KPP mixing scheme to improve the simulation of SST cooling. Values up to 6.2°C are obtained, which is close to the observed MWIR cooling estimate of 6.3°C on November 3, whereas the ROMS simulation without the wave‐induced mixing gives an underestimated cooling of 4.8°C. The simulation accuracy is enhanced by adding the wave‐induced mixing, which increases the SST cooling by 1.4°C and

A strong mesoscale ocean eddy, as characterized by the cyclonic currents, was caused by Typhoon Cimaron in the South China Sea. The water within the eddy diverged over surface areas on a scale of tens of kilometres. Under the divergent condition, cold nutrient‐rich water upwelled from deeper waters. The positive vorticity kept a high value over 5.0 × 10−5 s−1 on October 31 and November 1. Moreover, the concentration of nitrate in the surface wake area increased to a maximum during these 2 days, which indicates that upwelling played a key role on the phytoplankton blooming after typhoon's passage. The simulated maximum concentra‐ tion of chlorophyll *a* in the wake increased from a pre‐typhoon value of 0.1 mg cm−3 to a post‐ typhoon value of 0.65 mg cm−3 on November 16, which is close to the satellite observation of 0.85 mg cm−3 on November 16. The euphotic zone was uplifted by 50.0 m after Typhoon Cimaron's passage. Thereafter, the ocean restored to a new equilibrium state with higher concentrations of chlorophyll *a* and nitrate than those existing in the pre‐equilibrium state in

deepens the mixed layer by 30 m in the wake of typhoon.

November 3.

**6. Conclusions**

the wake area.

We thankfully acknowledge funding support from the General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) under Grants CUHK 402912 and 403113, the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund under the Grants of ITS/321/13, the direct grants of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under project 41376035, the Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR), DFO's Aquatic Climate Change Adaptation Service (ACCASP), the PERD, and the Canadian Panel on Energy Research and Development.
