**Acknowledgements**

sion, organic fertilization treatments (NPKM and M) enhanced the retention of carboxylic and

**Figure 18.** Organic C composition in the soil colloids from the various long-term fertilization treatments. [6] (a) Con‐ trol, no fertilization; (b) NPK, chemical fertilization; (c) NPKM, chemical plus swine manure fertilization; (d) M, swine

Control 2.6 0.7 19.4 29.6 12.1 35.6 NPK 0.5 0.1 25.7 24.2 16.3 33.2 NPKM 1.4 1.1 18.9 33.2 13.2 32.2 M 1.8 0.5 22.9 46.6 12.3 15.9

Control, no fertilization; NPK, chemical fertilization; NPKM, chemical plus swine manure fertilization; M, swine

**Table 7.** Deconvolution results for using C 1s NEXAFS on soil colloids from the various long-term fertilization

Composting is an inexpensive and sustainable treatment for solid organic wastes. The composting industry has been growing rapidly because of a boom in the animal industry in China over the past decades. In this chapter, we introduce composting process and status in China, especially in Jiangsu Province. Meanwhile, the developed novel spectroscopy techni‐ ques (i.e., NIRS-PLS and EEM-PARAFAC) are also introduced, which are more suitable for

**Aromatic C Phenolic C Alkyl C Carboxylic C O-alkyl C Carbonyl C (283–286.1 eV) (286.2–287.5 eV) (287.6–288.3 eV) (288.4–289.1 eV) (289.2–289.8 eV) (289.9–290.2 eV)**

**Treatment Proportion of absorption regions (%)**

aromatic C by reactive minerals in soils.

20 Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes

manure fertilization.

manure fertilization.

**5. Conclusion**

treatments [6]

We thank Xiangzhi Zhang and Lijuan Zhang for their help and support at the BL08U1 beamline and Jingyuan Ma at the BL14W1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). We also thank Jialong Hao and Jianchao Zhang for their help in NanoSIMS analysis at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371248 and 41371299), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20131321 and BK20150059), the Qing Lan Project, the Innovative Research Team Development Plan of the Ministry of China (IRT1256), the 111 Project (B12009), and the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
