**Author details**

**References Notes**

160 Recent Advances in Drug Addiction Research and Clinical Applications

addiction

induced craving

use disorders.

technique

employment

is reported.

**Table 1.** Representative literature of efficacy and application of treatment approaches.

[90] Report of a review of studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation on

[62] A review outcome studies of the effectiveness of EEG Biofeedback for

[65] Evaluated the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation on smoking cue-

[91] Evaluated the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for substance

[93] Considered the connection between therapist attitude toward MI and

[95] Examination of the value of compulsory treatment of addiction in

[97] Examines the effectiveness of AA in a research method that reduces

previous method problems. Support for the effectiveness of AA

in areas of self-esteem, relationship, educational development,

treatment of substance use disorder

[92] Discusses the combination of MI with cognitive behavioral

impact on client interpersonal functioning

Drug court [94] Evaluated drug courts as a promoter of "turning points" for offenders

Australia and the United States

AA as a significant curative factor

The history of use of mood-altering substances is complex and controversial. For centuries, the conflict between the benefits of varied substances and the massive societal costs of the misuse of substances has been confused by political and economic motivations for action related to substance users. A contemporary response to the complexity and cost of substance-related disorders is the development of the drug court. The first drug court was created in Florida in 1989 [75] as there was growing awareness of the widespread presence of substance abusing offenders in the criminal justice system. As testimony to the appeal of the drug court con‐ cept, one may note that National institute of Justice reported that there were more than 3400 drug courts in the United States by the middle of 2014. Drug court programs consider an individual's unique patterns of use and associated consequences with a graduated series of rewards for the attainment of target behaviors. Early evidence suggests that drug courts are associated with lower recidivism [76]. Drug court may reflect the type of approach that fits the

Alcoholics anonymous [96] Considers the value of the "therapeutic alliance" that develops in

Medication assisted and physiologic therapy

Motivational interviewing (MI)

**5. Conclusion**

John Andrew Mills

Address all correspondence to: jamills@iup.edu

Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA
