**5. Conclusion**

Bone regeneration strategies can make convenient, efficacious alternative therapies for or‐ thopaedic usages and is attractive on a several aspects including: (1) *in vitro* tissue engineer‐ ing for transplantation would reduce the necessity for donor tissue as required skeletal cells could be expanded in the laboratory prior to implantation; (2) using scaffolds with similar mechanical characteristics to bone that could integrate with the surrounding native tissue has the potential to alleviate the rate of implant failure and the need for revision surgery; and (3) treatment of damaged tissue at an early stage with mesenchymal stem cells could decrease or even cure the disease, reducing the need for lifelong treatment and improving the quality of life of the patient. Clinical applications include for the support of bone stock, in maxillo‐facial surgery as well fracture and non‐union fractures [131]. However, it is clear that a single approach is not able to support many of the bone tissue requirements, and re‐ fined approaches targeted to a specific application site/problem will be needed.
