**7. References**

252 Advanced Holography – Metrology and Imaging

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

> 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

**Normalized intensity**

**Normalized intensity**

0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010

Zero order First order

**Time (s)**

Zero order First order

0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010

**Time (s)**

Fig. 13. Normalized intensity for the zero and first orders obtained when addressing a blazed grating and the addressing sequence: (a) #1, (b) #2, (c) #3 with linear mismatch, and

This Chapter provides a study of LCoS displays for their application in the generation of digital holograms. In particular, the analysis presented in this Chapter can be used as a guideline to maximize the efficiency of LCoS display in digital holographic applications. In particular, this Chapter provides a characterization and optimization method, based on a combination of the Mueller formalism and the Jones formalism, suitable to maximize the efficiency of the addressed holograms. Besides, experimental evidence is provided for the time-fluctuations of the phase phenomenon, which degrades the performance of LCoS displays. In this way, a discussion of the damaging effect of such phenomenon, when generating digital holograms, is included. Finally, we experimentally prove that, to maximize the efficiency of digital holograms generated with LCoS displays in presence of phase fluctuations, is important to find a trade-off between phase modulation depth and amplitude of the time-fluctuations. To this aim, different mapping schemes for phase-only

We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (grants FIS209-13955-C02-01 and FIS209-13955-C02-02). C. Iemmi gratefully acknowledges

the support of the Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET (Argentina).

(d) #3 with saturated mismatch.

distribution implementation are reviewed.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

**5. Conclusions** 

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

**Normalized intensity**

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

**Normalized intensity**

0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010

(a) (b)

Zero order First order

**Time (s)**

Zero order First order

0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010

(c) (d)

**Time (s)**


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What is a hologram? Even if holography was described in a single paper by its creator, there are many descriptions for such a widely divulged phenomenon, known all around the world. Many techniques and elements are entitled "holographic", but they can be classified in two main groups, the "academic" and the "popular" ones. I realized this in July 1989 in a Bulgarian holography meeting when showing my white light holographic screen to Yuri Denisyuk, whom I consider to be the second inventor of holography. He asked if the image I was showing came from a hologram, and my answer was the question "What is a hologram?" His answer was: "Does it employ a reference beam?". My answer was no and then I learned how to introduce the holographic screen techniques in science, not as holography, which is a combination of interference, recording and diffraction, but as a combination of interference, recording, projection of images acquired by any other technique, and diffraction. The projection is made on a fine diffracting structure of about 1,500 lines/mm in such a way that each eye receives a different image which corresponds to the parallax of a 3D scene. But when I showed my projections to people they mostly believed they saw holograms. For them, a hologram is an element which shows 3D in an at least apparent parallax without needing any complementary goggles for the eyes. I call this a popular definition of holography and it can be applied to holographic screens and to autostereoscopic systems, provided they reach at least apparent continuity. Non-diffracting

A holographic screen, which from now on I will name commonly as a diffractive screen, consists basically of the hologram of a diffuser whose format is designed to create an observation space for the image projected on the screen. This observer's position field is obtained using reverted illumination, i.e., illuminating the screen in the opposite direction to the reference beam. In this way we can generate the more directional screen which is possible nowadays, in large format and employing lightweight and unbreakable materials. Gabor himself tried some ways to make stereoscopic screens without the need of additional goggles or filters (1). The screen obtained by recording an interference pattern, in a

The construction of a surface that generates a luminous distribution at will is not a simple task. Even assuming that, as the light is going to reach a long distance, its distribution in a

auto-stereoscopic techniques are hardly trying to reach this.

holographic manner, is a way for doing that.

**2. The hologram as a diffuser** 

**1. Introduction** 

José J. Lunazzi

*Brazil* 

*Campinas State University* 

Zhang, Z.; Lu, G. & Yu, F.T.S. (1994). Simple method for measuring phase modulation in liquid crystal television, *Optical Engineering*, Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 3018-3022. **12** 

 José J. Lunazzi *Campinas State University Brazil* 
