**16. References**


perspective selective viewing with ordinary cameras it is necessary to show the parallax, something that the photograph of any three-dimensional image, or the video made with the camera at a fixed position, cannot prove. In the case of photographs, a sequence, during which the camera changes laterally its position, allows to observe the relative change of positions of corresponding points at the scene, and also to mount a stereo pair for binocular observation. It improves the knowledge which the photographs offer, but it is not yet enough. A video registering gives more close frames than a series of photographs makes possible, and should detect the presence of dark regions or jumps on the transitions. But this is still not enough: the aperture of the camera lens must be as close as possible to the eye's pupil, about 3 mm to avoid mixing a dark and a luminous region at the same time giving

In the internet, there are many sites claiming to show three-dimensional or holographic

A properly made system must be justified with images that can prove it. The worst case is certainly when simulated pictures are shown without declaring the simulation. It is usual in this cases to see part of the figure exiting the limits of the frame of the screen, what is

After describing many systems that project goggle-less three-dimensional images on diffractive screens made by recording light interference on photosensitive material, it can be understood that, although these techniques are not the ones which are chosen for the industry at the moment, interesting properties have yet to be explored. Advances in the diffraction and dispersion efficiency of the elements may recall the attention to this subject

[1] Gabor, D. Three-Dimensional Cinema, The New Scientist, July 14th, 1960, p141-145,

%20cinema&f=falseK or, simply: http://tinyurl.com/gaborstereoscreen [2] "*Holographic non-isotropic diffusing screen"*, Donald H. Mc Mahon US patent 3,708,217

[6] "*3D displays using light from an undiffused point-source array"*, Jung-Young Son and

[8] "*Projektionsschirm fur Projektion mit dreidimensionalem Eindruk"*, Bestenreiner, Friedrich, 2011417, Offenlegungstag 23 September 1971. AGFA is Patent's owner.

[3] *Holographic diffuser for back-lit display* United States Patent 5471327 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5471327.html

[4] "*Pixel element for a three-dimensional screen*", Tibor Balogh, USPTO 6736512

Vladimir V. Saveljev, SPIE Newsroom 10.1117/2.1200902.1414

http://books.google.com/ or precisely http://books.google.com/books?id= vPmlBbHCOTIC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=gabor+screen+three-dimensional+ cinema&source=bl&ots=V5lK36onTg&sig=JyWoWWe2uq76kZBq4AgH-kAoq4s&hl =es&ei=p0tgTYn8DYL-8Aa5np3SCw&sa=X&oi=book\_result&ct=result&resnum =4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=gabor%20screen%20three-dimensional

the appearence of not existing dark regions.

**15. Conclusions** 

in the future.

**16. References** 

(1973)

[5] www.holografika.com

[7] Ref.1 p.142

imaging systems, but which are shown from a single viewpoint.

impossible because light does not travels in curved path.


http://fenix.sid.inpe.br:1906/col/sid.inpe.br/banon/1998/06.04.18.20/doc/tag.html

**0**

**13**

*USA*

Edward Buckley *Pixtronix, Inc.*

**Computer-Generated Phase-Only Holograms for**

Despite their esoteric sounding title, computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are now commonplace in a wide variety of applications and are a vital component in some surprisingly familiar consumer products. Such devices can be realized as fixed, etched structures - and are commonly called diffractive optical elements (DOEs) - or displayed on dynamically addressable liquid-crystal on silicon (LCOS) microdisplays. In either case, the principal attraction is the ability of these devices to generate arbitrary complex-valued optical fields

As discussed in Bernhardt et al. (1991), one CGH is able to perform the entire functionality associated with a multiple element glass lens design, leading to low-cost, lightweight optical assemblies. Furthermore, the process by which CGHs are made is simple, and lends itself to volume manufacturing through embossing and injection molding techniques; as demonstrated by Buckley & Wilkinson (2006), it is even possible to obtain adequate performance from CGHs patterned onto overhead transparencies from a standard office laser printer. Furthermore it is possible to fabricate phase-modulating DOEs which do not absorb

Naturally, the flexibility and potential of CGH technology and its ability to implement multiple optical functions and exert control over optical fields - including very near-field evanescent waves as demonstrated by Brauer & Bryngdahl (1997); Elschner & Schmidt (1998); Gupta & Peng (1991); Kowarz (1995); Liu & Kowarz (1998; 1999); Madrazo & Nieto-Vesperinas (1997); Schmitz et al. (1996); Thompson et al. (1999) - has resulted in huge commercial utilization. For example, CD and DVD drives contain a diffractive optical element to appropriately condition and direct the laser beam onto the disc surface and, with the advent of the DVD disc, simultaneous optical pick-up from multiple disc layers can be achieved by

In addition to fixed holograms, there exist numerous methods for representing dynamic CGHs on reconfigurable microdisplay devices. There are a wealth of papers describing dynamic CGHs in applications as diverse as laser beam shapers in Dresel et al. (1996), fanouts and splitters for dynamic routing and multiplexing of laser beams into fibers in telecommunications applications Bengtsson et al. (1996); Gillet & Sheng (2003); Jean-Numa Gillet (1999); Keller & Gmitro (1993), optical traps for biophotonics Jesacher et al. (2004); Sinclair et al. (2004), performing transformations upon optical fields Case et al.

incident optical illumination, leading to very high efficiencies.

employing an injection molded hybrid refractive-diffractive lens.

**1. Introduction**

from a small, thin device.

**Real-Time Image Display**


http://www.sbf1.sbfisica.org.br/procs/2006/pdfs%20optics/Interferometry,%20 Holography%20and%20Applied%20Optics/1427.pdf

[28] *"Imagens Por Difração com Luz Branca Sem Elementos Intermediários"*, N. I. R. Rodriguez, PhD Thesis, Campinas State University, 2007

http://webbif.ifi.unicamp.br/teses/apresentacao.php?filename=IF284


http://www.youtube.com/watchv=8a66ENGh16Q&feature=relmfu

