**14. Abbreviations**

AI, activity index.

AID, activation‐induced cytidine deaminase enzyme

BBB, blood‐brain barrier

CDR, complementary‐determining region

CIS, clinically isolated syndrome

CLN, cervical lymph node

CMV, cytomegalovirus

CNS, central nervous system

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid

EAE, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

EBV, Epstein‐Barr virus

EDSS, expanded disability status scale

FLC, free light chain

**12.6. Designing microarrays of PTM proteins for multiplex screening with antibodies from**

Most of the PTM described above are induced by enzymatic catalysis or a chemical reaction occurring under stringent conditions, and their biologic synthesis is not facilitated by the large range of parameters involved. The question is whether it is possible to print large microarrays of antigens able to express all or most of the possible combinations of PTM. Technical consid‐ erations and successful experimentation on a small scale suggest that various PTMs may be successfully applied on immobilized proteins [255, 256] and that the development of com‐

A distinctive feature of MS is a long‐lasting intrathecal inflammatory response, unlike chronic CNS infections in which intrathecal inflammation abates after antibiotherapy. The next step will be to decipher the factors promoting the sustainment of the intrathecal inflammatory response and to identify specific antibody targets. Understanding the role of long‐lived plasma cells that produce OCB during the chronic CNS surge could open up new prospects for progressive MS therapies. As Tourtellotte stated long ago, one of the goals of an effective MS treatment could be the eradication of ITS. Therapies targeting CNS B‐cells to disrupt B‐cell traffic on both sides of the BBB are under development and eradication of resident CNS plasma

mercial PTM protein microarrays holds much promise for the future.

**CSF of MS patients**

78 Trending Topics in Multiple Sclerosis

**13. Conclusion**

cells remains an ultimate goal.

AID, activation‐induced cytidine deaminase enzyme

CDR, complementary‐determining region

EAE, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

CIS, clinically isolated syndrome

**14. Abbreviations**

BBB, blood‐brain barrier

CLN, cervical lymph node

CNS, central nervous system

CMV, cytomegalovirus

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid

EBV, Epstein‐Barr virus

AI, activity index.

HSV, herpes simplex virus

IEF, isoelectric focusing

Ig, immunoglobulin

ITS, intrathecal (Ig) synthesis

MS, multiple sclerosis

OCB, oligoclonal bands

PP, primary progressive MS

PTM, posttranslational modification

rAb, recombinant antibodies

RR, relapsing‐remitting MS

SHM, somatic hypermutation

SP, secondary progressive MS

TLO, tertiary lymphoid organs

VZV, varicella zoster virus.

### **Acknowledgements**

We are indebted to R. Cooke for copyediting and to Christel Baigts and Aurora Medevielle for bibliographical assistance.

### **Author details**

Mickael Bonnan

Address all correspondence to: mickael.bonnan@ch‐pau.fr

Neurology and Neurovascular Unit, General Hospital, Pau, France

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