**5. NORM/TENORM management**

NORM and TENORM residue generation accompanies industrial activities to exploit natural resources, namely mining, physical, wet chemical, and thermal processes that aim to separate, extract, and process these resources. The problems of managing these materials are related to their huge volume, very low specific radioactivity content, their presence in non-radiological industries, and the variability of their chemical, physical, and radiological properties that differ from industry to another and from site to site [4, 28]. Historical poor management practice led to different contamination problems that vary in their extent and properties. Dealing with these problems is affected by ethical, technical, and economical considerations [3, 4, 10, 29–30]. IAEA defined six radiological bands that could be used to support the decision-making process for remediation project [31]. Research and development in this area is directed to enhance the performance of remediation technologies and their economics [4, 10].

Finding a safe management route for NORM and TENORM motivated governments to announce their policy and strategy in this area [4]. In this context, these residues were divided into two categories: the first one is characterized by its moderate-activity concentration and huge volume, whereas the second contains higher-activity concentration and small volume. Recycling/reuse option has attracted attention on the international and national scale for the first category, where this option is considered after evaluating the chemical and radiological properties of the residues and updating the regulatory and legal framework. For the second category, disposal as waste is the only option [28]. Researches in this field is concerned with NORM/TENORM hazard characterization and evaluating their environmental impacts.
