**4. Radioisotope production**

**3. Fusion technology**

8 Nuclear Material Performance

actions till 2020.

Plasma regime operation

Neutronresistant materials

Tritium selfsufficiency

Minimize energy losses due to small-scale turbulence, Restrain plasma instabilities,

Integrated performance with the divertor.

and plasma-facing materials that withstand large heat loads.

Identify baseline materials that maintain their structural and thermal performance under operational conditions.

Achieve efficient breeding and reliable extraction systems.

management activity and define end point for the management strategy.

Intrinsic safety Demonstrate inherent safety. Reduce waste

Heat Exhaust Establish exhaust system

Fusion technology is expected to be an environmental favorable energy source that affects future energy market [16, 17]. This technology faced different challenges, that is, understand plasma physics, find suitable materials that can perform efficiently in plasma environment, and find technology that can efficiently and environmentally friendly produce electricity. In 2012, the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) published a road map toward fusion energy. This publication identified the challenges, missions to tackle these challenges, and anticipated milestones till 2050 [18]. **Table 4** summarizes these issues and the anticipated

**Challenges Objective Missions Anticipated milestones**

regime,

confinement.

conditions,

extraction,

expansion volumes,

wall.

Maintain inductive and steady-state

Use JET to explore operational

Demonstrate JT60SA reliability, Define preliminary confinement scaling law in medium-sized

Test snowflake and super X

Use IFMIF and EVEDA to generate baseline material list, Identify risk reduction options, Demonstrate welding and joining

processes performance.

and coolant reliability, Evaluate alternate designs.

waste recycling.

Determine the blanket, divertor,

Safety of waste management and

Evaluate liquid metal targets in

regimes

tokamak.

configurations,

tokamaks.

Study compatibility at maximum power between high radiation and

Demonstrate the control of detached

Study core contamination in case of

Characterization, irradiation, and modeling the material's performance.

Demonstrate efficient and reliable H3

Test the performance of blanket/first

Safety rely on defense in depth and passive safety concepts with emphasis on vacuum vessel integrity, existence of

Efficient detritiation techniques and selection of disposal routes.

Optimize radiated power,

impurity injection.

There are more than 160 different radioisotopes that are used regularly in different fields; these isotopes are produced either in a medium- or in a high-flux research reactors or particle accelerators (low or medium energy) [19, 20]. In 2014, IAEA published the results of a meeting on current status and future trends on radioisotope application in industry. The meetings produced a prioritized list that identifies area of interests in this field, which includes the application of small-sized neutron generators, development and application of nano-tracers, radiotracer application in mineral industry, tracer technology for sediment transport, devel‐ opment of radiotracer generators, tomography, hybrid instrumentation, process modeling, application in petroleum industry, high-resolution detectors, and process industry [21].

The sustainability of radioisotope production is one of the critical areas that receive great attention. 99Mo is the greatest produced isotope that decays to 99mTc, which is used in 85% of the nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging procedure worldwide [22, 23]. Currently, the world production relies on using highly enriched uranium targets (HEU). IAEA activity in this field focuses on the conversion of this technology to using low enriched uranium (LEU) targets [23]. **Table 5** summarizes available and innovative technologies in the production of 99Mo.



**Table 5.** Conventional and innovative technologies for 99Mo production [20–27].
