Preface

Chapter 7 **Regenerative Repair of Bone Defects with Osteoinductive**

Kaneshiro and Kunio Takaoka

**VI** Contents

**Section 3 Perspective Powder Additive Manufacturing 159**

**Industrial and Medical Fields 161** Pacurar Razvan and Pacurar Ancuta

**Matrix Composites: A Review 187**

Igor Volyanskii and Igor V. Shishkovsky

Chapter 10 **Metal Powder Additive Manufacturing 215** Anatoliy Popovich and Vadim Sufiiarov

**Hydroxyapatite Fabricated to Match the Defect and Implanted with CAD, CAM, and Computer-Assisted Surgery Systems 143**

Koichi Yano, Takashi Namikawa, Takuya Uemura, Yasunori

Chapter 8 **Applications of the Selective Laser Melting Technology in the**

Chapter 9 **On the Role of Interfacial Reactions, Dissolution and Secondary**

Anne I. Mertens and Jacqueline Lecomte-Beckers

Chapter 11 **Laser-Assisted 3D Printing of Functional Graded Structures**

**Precipitation During the Laser Additive Manufacturing of Metal**

**from Polymer Covered Nanocomposites: A Self-Review 237**

A quarter century period of the 3D printing technology development affords ground for speaking about new realities or the formation of a new technological system of digital man‐ ufacture (DM), replacing the existing system based on the use of computers, Internet and nanotechnologies.

During this period, the 3D printing has undergone numerous significant changes on its way (Figure 1) resulting in an extra accuracy, enhanced mechanical features, broader scope and reduced costs of installations and of 3D parts and tools made by them. The 3D printing ad‐ vantage is not only the arbitrariness of the shape but also the possibility of its instantaneous transfer to any point of the world that allows the industrial engineering on a world-wide scale. Cloud technologies and digital approaches have permitted a digital conceptualization for consumers, product creation and/or distribution. Successfulness of enterprises establish‐ ed on the 3D printing base is explained by their ability to recognize and estimate the market demand, which can be satisfied by creative supply of digital products.

**Figure 1.** 3D printing progress from prototypes through functional tools and 3D parts to new technological system and digital partnership.

In our opinion, the up-to-date 3D printing is at the top of its own overrated expectations. In spite of the fact that many customers consider the 3D printing methods as "breaking through" and crucial for the new technological revolution (technological system), their influ‐ ence in terms of the world-wide manufacture is so far insignificant. The development of scalable, high-speed methods of the material 3D printing aimed to increase the productivity and operating volume of the 3D printing machines requires new original decisions.

In recent years a close attention is paid to hybrid systems of the 3D printing, capable of cre‐ ating in a unified technological process of finished structural 3D parts with built-in electron‐ ic, biological and /or chemical components, placed there by direct deposition or direct writing that allows along with the CAD-CAM of components, to make completely integrat‐ ing electro-(/bio-) mechanic products (micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems — M/NEMS) as holistic or integral systems (Figure 2). Well known are the studies in such directions as optical MEMS (photon crystals, mirrors, optical switches, connectors, lens, PZT actuators etc), bio-MEMS (implants, scaffolds etc), microfluidic MEMS (drug delivery systems, lab-onchip, pumps, catalyst membranes etc), power MEMS (fuel cells and batteries, energy har‐ vesting, magnetic devices etc), and radiofrequency MEMS (antennas, resonators & oscillators, actuators, phase shifter, band-pass filters etc). However, the tasks of the MEMS fabrication with feedback control, adaptive management and possibilities of prediction and response for the 3D printing processes still demand their solutions.

**Figure 2.** Scope of micro/nano-electro mechanical systems.

Materials are also an essential and integral part of the 3D printing technologies. The key problem for the materials design, manufacturing and processing is the improvement of their quality, expansion of the suitable materials spectrum (due to mixing/ alloying/ composite's modeling), increase of the process stability, repeatability and reliability for multi-material systems, with the retention of a low cost of materials, the process of their fabrication and pre- and/or post- processing.

For a great number of materials and the 3D printing processes large-scale studies are re‐ quired, as well as the determination of correlations "process–structure–feature". Of not less interest are the problems of using the unique possibilities of the 3D printing for creation of the unique structures not existing in nature or reproducing its best qualities (e.g., parts with negative coefficient of thermal expansion or electromagnetic wave transmission), metamate‐ rials, biomimetic composite constructions and surfaces.

ence in terms of the world-wide manufacture is so far insignificant. The development of scalable, high-speed methods of the material 3D printing aimed to increase the productivity

In recent years a close attention is paid to hybrid systems of the 3D printing, capable of cre‐ ating in a unified technological process of finished structural 3D parts with built-in electron‐ ic, biological and /or chemical components, placed there by direct deposition or direct writing that allows along with the CAD-CAM of components, to make completely integrat‐ ing electro-(/bio-) mechanic products (micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems — M/NEMS) as holistic or integral systems (Figure 2). Well known are the studies in such directions as optical MEMS (photon crystals, mirrors, optical switches, connectors, lens, PZT actuators etc), bio-MEMS (implants, scaffolds etc), microfluidic MEMS (drug delivery systems, lab-onchip, pumps, catalyst membranes etc), power MEMS (fuel cells and batteries, energy har‐ vesting, magnetic devices etc), and radiofrequency MEMS (antennas, resonators & oscillators, actuators, phase shifter, band-pass filters etc). However, the tasks of the MEMS fabrication with feedback control, adaptive management and possibilities of prediction and

Materials are also an essential and integral part of the 3D printing technologies. The key problem for the materials design, manufacturing and processing is the improvement of their quality, expansion of the suitable materials spectrum (due to mixing/ alloying/ composite's modeling), increase of the process stability, repeatability and reliability for multi-material systems, with the retention of a low cost of materials, the process of their fabrication and

For a great number of materials and the 3D printing processes large-scale studies are re‐ quired, as well as the determination of correlations "process–structure–feature". Of not less interest are the problems of using the unique possibilities of the 3D printing for creation of the unique structures not existing in nature or reproducing its best qualities (e.g., parts with

and operating volume of the 3D printing machines requires new original decisions.

response for the 3D printing processes still demand their solutions.

**Figure 2.** Scope of micro/nano-electro mechanical systems.

pre- and/or post- processing.

VIII Preface

It is necessary to study the 3D printing applicability for manufacturing of the materials with multilevel hierarchical functionality on nano-, micro- and meso-scales and also the develop‐ ment of instruments for fabrication of 3D printing structures via atom-by-atom approach, and design of additive nanofabricators.

Some of the above mentioned problems and issues are considered in this book which con‐ sists three parts. The first part offers advanced approaches for the 3D printing methods. The second part is completely dedicated to medical applications of the 3D printing where the main advantage of additive technologies is realized, i.e. the ability to use individual data of each patient, herewith solving the problems of the products personalization. It's probable that among readers are those occupied with studies of layerwise approaches to fabrication of the human organs, and we hope that some of the authors' ideas described in this part of the monograph could be useful for them. Finally, the third part of the monograph presents some new approaches for the powdered methods of the 3D printing that can also find appli‐ cations for medical, aerospace and/or automotive industries, always being the key branches facilitating the innovation development in the additive manufacture.

> **Prof. Igor V. Shishkovsky** Laboratory of Laser Technologies, Samara branch of P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Samara, Russian Federation

**Section 1**
