Preface

Chapter 7 **Remote Sensing of the Ocean Environment Using Finite**

Saba Mudaliar, C.P. Vendhan and C. Prabavathi

Chapter 8 **Bio-Optical Modeling in a Tropical Hypersaline Lagoon**

Chapter 9 **Utilization of Ground-Penetrating Radar and Frequency**

Chapter 10 **Geo-spatial Technology for Landslide Hazard Zonation and**

Chapter 11 **Remote Sensing for Natural or Man-made Disasters and**

Chapter 12 **Topological Characterization and Advanced Noise-Filtering**

Chapter 13 **Processing of Multichannel Remote-Sensing Images with Prediction of Performance Parameters 373**

Pasquale Imperatore and Antonio Pepe

**Techniques for Phase Unwrapping of Interferometric**

Benoit Vozel, Oleksiy Rubel, Alexander Zemliachenko, Sergey Abramov, Sergey Krivenko, Ruslan Kozhemiakin, Vladimir Lukin and

**Domain Electromagnetic for Investigation of Sewage**

Dericks P. Shukla, Sharad Gupta, Chandra S. Dubey and Manoj

**Section 4 Sewage Leaks, and Enviroment Disasters 259**

Goldshleger Naftaly and Basson Uri

**Environmental Changes 309**

**Section 5 Remote Sensing Image Processing 339**

Igor Ogashawara, Marcelo P. Curtarelli, Carlos A. S. Araujo and José

**Element Methods 197**

**Environment 235**

L. Stech

**VI** Contents

**Leaks 261**

**Prediction 281**

Monika Gähler

**Data Stacks 341**

Kacem Chehdi

Thakur

Nowadays, the innovation in space technologies creates a new trend for the Earth observa‐ tion from space. Consequently, the rapid innovation of sensor developments allows high resolution of less than 1 m for optical satellite such as GeoEye-1 satellite, which collects im‐ ages at nadir with 0.41-meter panchromatic (black and white). Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), as a result, also delivers 1-m high-resolution image, which is assembled by Terra‐ SAR-X spotlight mode. In these contexts, advanced Earth observation from space has com‐ menced novel perceptions for environmental research.

Satellite remote sensing has a plentiful of promise applications in a wide range of environ‐ ment disciplines. Exploiting satellite data, the status, and temporal growth of the environ‐ ment over large areas at short-time intervals can be monitored accurately. Integrating this with in situ data and mathematical models tolerates us to monitor and empathize the vital processes at work in huge areas, such as snow cover evolution, vegetation development, or land-slide movements. For instance, British National Antarctic Expedition, which is known as Discovery Expedition, spent 3 years cruising across the world oceans and documenting abundant significant ground information about biology, zoology, geology, meteorology, and magnetism. The expedition discovered the existence of the only snow-free Antarctic valleys. This is because Discovery Expedition's researchers had a healthy environment of research and the great aim of the research novelty.

Successively, the following high-quality book chapters cover wide range of remote sensing uses and address the theories behind each application. Instead, this book is portrayed highquality and compressive work on both microwave and optical remote sensing applications. This book is divided into five sections: (i) remote sensing for biomass estimation; (ii) remote sensing-based glacier studies; (iii) remote sensing for coastal and ocean applications; (iv) sewage leaks and environment disasters; and (v) remote sensing image processing. Accord‐ ingly, the first two chapters are devoted for biomass estimation. Chapter 1 involves Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) application for monitoring biomass spatial variations in Mex‐ ico City. Furthermore, the study explores the capability of canopy fraction cover and digital canopy height model (DCHM) for modeling the spatial distribution of the above-ground bi‐ omass of two forests, dominated by *Abies religiosa* and *Pinus* spp., located in the central of Mexico. Chapter 2 demonstrates new hybrid approach developed by the authors that inte‐ grates geometrical-optical modeling (GOM), marked point processes (MPP), and template matching (TM) to individually detect tree crowns in VHR images. Section 2 involves differ‐ ent techniques for remote sensing applications about glacier studies. With this regard, Chap‐ ter 3 utilizes the LANDSAT-7 ETM+ satellite data with ground sampling to investigate the climate change effects on glaciers in the Commune Alto del Carmen, Chile. This study cov‐ ers 21 years, from 1994 to 2015. Such study had tremendous benefits to climate change re‐ search. The interesting part of Chapter 4 is that the authors implemented snow runoff modeling with multisensor remote sensing data. The authors implemented MODIS, Land‐ sat-7 and 8, and SPOT-5 XS, with Google Earth and digital elevation model (DEM) data to investigate the snow/glacier resources and their dynamics in the Karakoram-Himalaya ba‐ sins. Indeed, this plays important role in climate changes all over the world. Chapter 5, therefore, explores the prospective of remote sensing technology for understanding and sur‐ veying glaciers formed at high, inaccessible mountains and glacier-induced hazards.

The third section comprises remote sensing for coastal and ocean applications. In this con‐ text, Chapter 6 presents overview of potential of optical remote sensing data for monitoring the coastal environment. Subsequently, Chapter 7 operates a new approach of integration of finite element model with remote sensing data to model coastal dynamic in shallow zone. Furthermore, Chapter 8 overviews the uses of remote sensing to monitor water quality pa‐ rameters, mainly chlorophyll- *a* (chl- *a*) and turbidity. This chapter synopsizes the main con‐ cepts of bio-optical modeling through a case study of the application of the hyperspectral data for monitoring water quality in a tropical hypersaline aquatic environment.

The fourth section is devoted for such precise studies of sewage leaks and environment dis‐ asters. With this regard, Chapter 9 operates precise method and model for sewage leak de‐ tection using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM). This work concluded that advances in active remote sensing technologies, GPR, and FDEM can be used to identify sewage leaks that might cause pollution and to identify minor spills before they cause widespread damage.

Chapter 10 discusses geospatial technology for landslide hazard zonation and prediction. The geospatial technology is demonstrated by soft computing of fuzzy logic, artificial neural network, discriminant analysis, direct mapping, and neuro-fuzzy approach. Moreover, Chapter 11 deliberates precisely the potential of remote sensing applications for nature or man-made disasters. The chapter embraces excellent and wonderful examples of flooding in Germany 2013, earthquake in Nepal 2015, forest fires in Russia 2015, and searching for the Malaysian aircraft 2014.

The last section is assigned for some examples of advanced remote sensing image process‐ ing. With this regard, Chapter 12 presents new approach for processing multichannel re‐ mote sensing data, especially synthetic aperture radar data (SAR), using new proposed statistical filters. This study is important for feature detection in such coherence data of SAR data. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses the problem of phase unwrapping interferometric data stacks, obtained by multiple SAR acquisitions over the same area on the ground, with a two‐ fold objective. First, a rigorous gradient-based formulation for the multichannel phase un‐ wrapping (MCh-PhU) problem is systematically established, thus capturing the intrinsic topological character of the problem. The presented mathematical formulation is consistent with the theoretical foundation of the discrete calculus. Then within the considered theoreti‐ cal framework, we formally describe an innovative procedure for the noise filtering of timeredundant multichannel multilook interferograms. The strategy underlying the adopted multichannel noise filtering (MCh-NF) procedure arises from the key observation that mul‐ tilook interferograms are not fully time consistent due to multilook operations independent‐ ly applied on each single interferogram. Accordingly, the presented MCh-NF procedure suitably exploits the temporal mutual relationships of the interferograms.

I wish to convey my appreciation to all authors who have contributed to this book. Without their intense commitment, this book would not have become such a precious piece of knowl‐ edge. I am also grateful to the InTech editorial team, especially Ms. Iva Simcic, who has af‐ forded the opportunity to publish this book.

search. The interesting part of Chapter 4 is that the authors implemented snow runoff modeling with multisensor remote sensing data. The authors implemented MODIS, Land‐ sat-7 and 8, and SPOT-5 XS, with Google Earth and digital elevation model (DEM) data to investigate the snow/glacier resources and their dynamics in the Karakoram-Himalaya ba‐ sins. Indeed, this plays important role in climate changes all over the world. Chapter 5, therefore, explores the prospective of remote sensing technology for understanding and sur‐

The third section comprises remote sensing for coastal and ocean applications. In this con‐ text, Chapter 6 presents overview of potential of optical remote sensing data for monitoring the coastal environment. Subsequently, Chapter 7 operates a new approach of integration of finite element model with remote sensing data to model coastal dynamic in shallow zone. Furthermore, Chapter 8 overviews the uses of remote sensing to monitor water quality pa‐ rameters, mainly chlorophyll- *a* (chl- *a*) and turbidity. This chapter synopsizes the main con‐ cepts of bio-optical modeling through a case study of the application of the hyperspectral

The fourth section is devoted for such precise studies of sewage leaks and environment dis‐ asters. With this regard, Chapter 9 operates precise method and model for sewage leak de‐ tection using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM). This work concluded that advances in active remote sensing technologies, GPR, and FDEM can be used to identify sewage leaks that might cause pollution and to identify

Chapter 10 discusses geospatial technology for landslide hazard zonation and prediction. The geospatial technology is demonstrated by soft computing of fuzzy logic, artificial neural network, discriminant analysis, direct mapping, and neuro-fuzzy approach. Moreover, Chapter 11 deliberates precisely the potential of remote sensing applications for nature or man-made disasters. The chapter embraces excellent and wonderful examples of flooding in Germany 2013, earthquake in Nepal 2015, forest fires in Russia 2015, and searching for the

The last section is assigned for some examples of advanced remote sensing image process‐ ing. With this regard, Chapter 12 presents new approach for processing multichannel re‐ mote sensing data, especially synthetic aperture radar data (SAR), using new proposed statistical filters. This study is important for feature detection in such coherence data of SAR data. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses the problem of phase unwrapping interferometric data stacks, obtained by multiple SAR acquisitions over the same area on the ground, with a two‐ fold objective. First, a rigorous gradient-based formulation for the multichannel phase un‐ wrapping (MCh-PhU) problem is systematically established, thus capturing the intrinsic topological character of the problem. The presented mathematical formulation is consistent with the theoretical foundation of the discrete calculus. Then within the considered theoreti‐ cal framework, we formally describe an innovative procedure for the noise filtering of timeredundant multichannel multilook interferograms. The strategy underlying the adopted multichannel noise filtering (MCh-NF) procedure arises from the key observation that mul‐ tilook interferograms are not fully time consistent due to multilook operations independent‐ ly applied on each single interferogram. Accordingly, the presented MCh-NF procedure

suitably exploits the temporal mutual relationships of the interferograms.

veying glaciers formed at high, inaccessible mountains and glacier-induced hazards.

data for monitoring water quality in a tropical hypersaline aquatic environment.

minor spills before they cause widespread damage.

Malaysian aircraft 2014.

VIII Preface

#### **Dr. Maged Marghany**

Geospatial Information Science Research Centre Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia

**Remote Sensing for Biomass Estimation**
