**6. References**

466 Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology

Affine model's advantage lies in that it can measure lost information such as skew, translation, rotation, shearing and scaling that maps finite points to finite points and parallel lines to parallel lines (Figure 24 and Table 1). Its drawback lies in the strict requirement that

**Translation** A linear shift in the position of the vertical and horizontal

**Scaling** A transformation of the horizontal and vertical coordinate points characterized by a certain scale factor. **Shearing** A transformation in which all points along a line remain fixed while

Fem1b functions in vivo to regulate insulin secretion and plasma glucose levels. Fem1b-KO mice do not have fasting hyperglycemia but rather have defective acutephase GSIS. Such defective acute-phase GSIS is the earliest detectable defect in humans destined to develop diabetes and may represent the primary genetic risk factor predisposing to diabetes [23]. With aging and superimposed insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia and overt diabetes later develop. Therefore, the Fem1b-KO mouse model is a key component of the complex pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both male and female homozygotes display abnormal glucose tolerance. The role of Fem1b in pancreatic islet insulin secretion strengthens evidence that a genetic pathway homologous to nematode sex determination may be involved in mammalian glucose homeostasis. This novel pathway could be involved in the β-cell dysfunction seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since Calpain-10/NIDDM1 is known to interact with a gene that is near where human FEM1B localizes, to increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes[24], whether FEM1B could be the responsible interacting gene becomes a pertinent question Although the mechanism of this regulation by Fem1b remains to be established, this finding strengthens evidence that a genetic pathway

Shearing

coordinates of the image in one plane to another set in the same

other points are shifted parallel to the line by a certain distance proportional to their perpendicular distance from the line [22].

Scaling

Translation

Rotation/Skew

at least six pairs of control points are needed [19].

Original object

**Rotation/Skew** Points are rotated by an angle θ.

spatial domain.

Fig. 24. Transformation Graphs.

**Transformation Description**

Table 1. Transformation Descriptions.

**5. Conclusion and future directions** 

