**2. The simulating object: Its engineering architecture and properties**

The crews, environment, IRLSS placed in Pressurized Manned Modules (PMM) define a MMES of Interplanetary Spacecraft intended for crewmembers' support and activity as well as other biological object under conditions essentially different from those on Earth (Kurmazenko E.A. at al., 2009).

The distinguished features of the MMES in comparison with natural ecosystem include:


The IRLSS as an abiotic component of the MMES intended for long-duration manned missions may be defined as a sophisticated engineering system with devices interacting in time and space to provide crew support based on metabolic product recovery, a minimum of spare parts and expendables to create the conditions which ensure that the crew will be provided with physical and mental stability to a specified degree of reliability (Pravetskiy V.N. et al., 1981).

In generalized state space the MMES as a complicated integral system may be given by

$$\mathbf{C} \equiv \mathbf{C} \left( \left| \mathbf{C} \right|, \overline{\mathbf{C}}, \underline{\mathbf{C}} \right). \tag{1}$$

The initial system decomposition allows two interrelated and interacted components to be signed out the IRLSS and external environment:

$$\mathbf{S} \equiv \mathbf{S}\left( \left| \mathbf{S} \right|, \overline{\mathbf{S}} \right);\tag{2}$$

importance to make a mission a success and cannot be predicted on the basis of theoretical and experimental data, ground experiments conducted shall be aimed first of all at evaluating the operator's effective activities and his psychological condition (attention, vigilance, perception, memory, thinking training) in combination with physiological

Actual participation of test subjects in serving operational standard system at first phases of ground simulation of spaceflight to Mars is extremely complicated and economically unprofitable. A more rational approach is the application of standard system virtual simulators interacting with simulation models for both environment and crew as a load component and integrated in a single Hardware/Software Complex for Serving Operational Systems by crew (HSCSOS) intended for system functioning in normal, off-normal and emergency situations resulted in failure of some systems and deviation of environment controllable parameters from specified values. Those situations may include human factor (crew members' decline in

The purpose of this charter is analysis of all possible approaches to development of similar complexes based on simulation taking into account a long-duration stay of Man in confined space. The analysis results may be used in development of similar hardware/software complexes to analyze complicated human-machine interaction and specialist training for

The crews, environment, IRLSS placed in Pressurized Manned Modules (PMM) define a MMES of Interplanetary Spacecraft intended for crewmembers' support and activity as well as other biological object under conditions essentially different from those on Earth

• the system architecture should incorporate finite number of engineering devices and

• the capability of stable functioning is governed by the value of a substance reserve fund

The IRLSS as an abiotic component of the MMES intended for long-duration manned missions may be defined as a sophisticated engineering system with devices interacting in time and space to provide crew support based on metabolic product recovery, a minimum of spare parts and expendables to create the conditions which ensure that the crew will be provided with physical and mental stability to a specified degree of reliability (Pravetskiy

In generalized state space the MMES as a complicated integral system may be given by

The initial system decomposition allows two interrelated and interacted components to be

C C ,, ≡ ( ) *C CC* . (1)

SS , ≡ ( ) *S S* ; (2)

The distinguished features of the MMES in comparison with natural ecosystem include: • the necessity of creating system architecture based on processes with intensity

significantly exceeding the intensity of natural transformation processes;

units with built-in or embedded man-made technologies;

of the substances disposed in the PMM confined volume.

**2. The simulating object: Its engineering architecture and properties** 

parameters of the central and vegetative nervous systems.

various-purpose Man-Made Ecosystems (MMES).

signed out the IRLSS and external environment:

fitness to work, activities, etc.).

(Kurmazenko E.A. at al., 2009).

V.N. et al., 1981).

$$\mathbf{E} \equiv \mathbf{E}\left( |\mathbf{E}|, \overline{\mathbf{E}}, \underline{\mathbf{C}}\right), \tag{3}$$

$$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{S} / \mathbf{E} \; ; \tag{4}$$

$$
\overline{C} \equiv \overline{S} \left( |S|, |E|, \overline{E} \right) \cap \overline{E} \left( |E|, \overline{E}, |S| \right),
\tag{5}
$$

in accordance with the purpose of the **С** system over each time of functioning.

In the expressions (1)÷(5) the following notation is adopted: **C, S, E**=the state functions of the MMES, IRLSS and an environment systems respectively; *CSE* , , =the technological structure its systems**;** *CSE* , , =the system functioning regularities; *C* =the purpose of the MMES.

An IRLSS is selected as a baseline for HSCSOS development consists of (Figure 1):


The individual systems as part of the IRLSS interact via interfaces between the systems and environment. The analysis results of the operational interfaces shows the HSCSOS architecture shall incorporated the environment components such as the atmosphere of the PMM and the crew taking into account specifics of its functioning in interplanetary flight conditions as well as on-board Power Supply System (PSS) and a convective/radiation Thermal Control System (TCS).

The operator's skills which crewmembers shall posses in the critical phases of long selfsustained mission owing to localization of the off-nominal situations (ONS) related the IRLSS functioning imply a high degree of sophistication and may be disturbed under influence of many kinds of stresses. Therefore, when off-normal situation localization simulation is carried out it is necessary to approach it as closely as possible.
