**8. Acknowledgments**

The authors thank all colleagues in the Hyogo College of Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, and Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science for their unflagging support to our projects. We apologize to all colleagues whose work we could not cite other than indirectly through other publications, due to limitation of space. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20591067 and 23591329 to H.K), and a Grant-in-Aid for Promotion of Technological Seeds in Advanced Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine (T.Y.).

### **9. References**


[1] The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-

[3] Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M,

[4] Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J,

[5] Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Jr., Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC,

[6] Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P,

[7] Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. *N Engl J Med.* 2008;359(15):1577-1589. [8] Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. *N Engl J Med.* 2008;358(6):580-591. [9] Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, Ritz E. Atorvastatin in

[10] Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, Chae DW,

[11] Koyama H, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y. RAGE and soluble RAGE: potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. *Mol Med.* 2007;13(11-12):625-635. [12] Yonekura H, Yamamoto Y, Sakurai S, Petrova RG, Abedin MJ, Li H, Yasui K, Takeuchi

[13] Raucci A, Cugusi S, Antonelli A, Barabino SM, Monti L, Bierhaus A, Reiss K, Saftig P,

undergoing hemodialysis. *N Engl J Med.* 2009;360(14):1395-1407.

induced vascular injury. *Biochem J.* 2003;370(Pt 3):1097-1109.

type 2 diabetes. *N Engl J Med.* 2008;358(24):2560-2572.

type 1 diabetes. *N Engl J Med.* 2005;353(25):2643-2653.

2 diabetes. *N Engl J Med.* 2009;360(2):129-139.

term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. *N Engl J Med.* 1993;329(14):977-986. [2] Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with

conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. *Lancet.* 

Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with

Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type

Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH, Jr., Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. *N Engl J* 

Zinman B. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with

patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. *N Engl J Med.* 

Chevaile A, Cobbe SM, Gronhagen-Riska C, De Lima JJ, Lins R, Mayer G, McMahon AW, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Samuelsson O, Sonkodi S, Sci D, Suleymanlar G, Tsakiris D, Tesar V, Todorov V, Wiecek A, Wuthrich RP, Gottlow M, Johnsson E, Zannad F. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients

M, Makita Z, Takasawa S, Okamoto H, Watanabe T, Yamamoto H. Novel splice variants of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed in human vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, and their putative roles in diabetes-

Bianchi ME. A soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound form by the

**9. References** 

1998;352(9131):837-853.

*Med.* 2008;358(24):2545-2559.

2005;353(3):238-248.

sheddase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). *FASEB J.*  2008;22(10):3716-3727.


[30] Wells-Knecht KJ, Brinkmann E, Wells-Knecht MC, Litchfield JE, Ahmed MU, Reddy S,

[31] Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new

[32] Miyata T, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Kurokawa K, Baynes JW. Alterations in

[33] Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation end-products: a review.

[34] Kaneto H, Fujii J, Myint T, Miyazawa N, Islam KN, Kawasaki Y, Suzuki K, Nakamura

[35] Zhao Z, Zhao C, Zhang XH, Zheng F, Cai W, Vlassara H, Ma ZA. Advanced glycation

[36] Kuniyasu A, Ohgami N, Hayashi S, Miyazaki A, Horiuchi S, Nakayama H. CD36-

3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous adipocytes. *FEBS Lett.* 2003;537(1-3):85-90. [37] Miele C, Riboulet A, Maitan MA, Oriente F, Romano C, Formisano P, Giudicelli J,

[38] Brownlee M. Negative consequences of glycation. *Metabolism.* 2000;49(2 Suppl 1):9-13. [39] Peppa M, He C, Hattori M, McEvoy R, Zheng F, Vlassara H. Fetal or neonatal low-

[40] Lin RY, Choudhury RP, Cai W, Lu M, Fallon JT, Fisher EA, Vlassara H. Dietary

[41] Stirban A, Negrean M, Stratmann B, Gawlowski T, Horstmann T, Gotting C, Kleesiek K,

[42] Negrean M, Stirban A, Stratmann B, Gawlowski T, Horstmann T, Gotting C, Kleesiek K,

[43] Uribarri J, Stirban A, Sander D, Cai W, Negrean M, Buenting CE, Koschinsky T,

[44] Linden E, Cai W, He JC, Xue C, Li Z, Winston J, Vlassara H, Uribarri J. Endothelial

in long-term uremic complications. *Kidney Int.* 1999;55(2):389-399.

through the glycation reaction. *Biochem J.* 1996;320 ( Pt 3):855-863.

synthesis. *Endocrinology.* 2009;150(6):2569-2576.

mechanism. *J Biol Chem.* 2003;278(48):47376-47387.

proteins. *Nephrol Dial Transplant.* 1996;11 Suppl 5:41-47.

perspective on an old paradigm. *Diabetes.* 1999;48(1):1-9.

*Diabetologia.* 2001;44(2):129-146.

2003;52(6):1441-1448.

*Atherosclerosis.* 2003;168(2):213-220.

*Am J Clin Nutr.* 2007;85(5):1236-1243.

2007;30(10):2579-2582.

2 diabetes. *Diabetes Care.* 2006;29(9):2064-2071.

Zyzak DV, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. New biomarkers of Maillard reaction damage to

nonenzymatic biochemistry in uremia: origin and significance of "carbonyl stress"

M, Tatsumi H, Yamasaki Y, Taniguchi N. Reducing sugars trigger oxidative modification and apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells by provoking oxidative stress

end products inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through nitric oxidedependent inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and adenosine triphosphate

mediated endocytic uptake of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in mouse

Beguinot F, Van Obberghen E. Human glycated albumin affects glucose metabolism in L6 skeletal muscle cells by impairing insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through a protein kinase C alpha-mediated

glycotoxin environment prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. *Diabetes.* 

glycotoxins promote diabetic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

Mueller-Roesel M, Koschinsky T, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, Tschoepe D. Benfotiamine prevents macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress following a meal rich in advanced glycation end products in individuals with type

Mueller-Roesel M, Koschinsky T, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, Tschoepe D. Effects of lowand high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Vlassara H. Single oral challenge by advanced glycation end products acutely impairs endothelial function in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. *Diabetes Care.* 

dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease results from advanced

glycation end products (AGE)-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase through RAGE activation. *Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.* 2008;3(3):691-698.


[58] Taguchi A, Blood DC, del Toro G, Canet A, Lee DC, Qu W, Tanji N, Lu Y, Lalla E, Fu C,

[59] Yan SD, Chen X, Fu J, Chen M, Zhu H, Roher A, Slattery T, Zhao L, Nagashima M,

[61] Chavakis T, Bierhaus A, Al-Fakhri N, Schneider D, Witte S, Linn T, Nagashima M,

[62] Haimoto H, Hosoda S, Kato K. Differential distribution of immunoreactive S100-alpha

[63] Kato K, Suzuki F, Ogasawara N. Induction of S100 protein in 3T3-L1 cells during

[64] Braga CW, Martinez D, Wofchuk S, Portela LV, Souza DO. S100B and NSE serum levels

[65] Steiner J, Schiltz K, Walter M, Wunderlich MT, Keilhoff G, Brisch R, Bielau H, Bernstein

[66] Steiner J, Walter M, Guest P, Myint AM, Schiltz K, Panteli B, Brauner M, Bernstein HG,

[67] Lappalainen T, Kolehmainen M, Schwab U, Pulkkinen L, de Mello VD, Vaittinen M,

[68] Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW, Jr. Obesity is

[69] Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia

[71] Schmidt AM, Vianna M, Gerlach M, Brett J, Ryan J, Kao J, Esposito C, Hegarty H,

[72] Neeper M, Schmidt AM, Brett J, Yan SD, Wang F, Pan YC, Elliston K, Stern D, Shaw A.

obesity-related insulin resistance. *J Clin Invest.* 2003;112(12):1821-1830. [70] Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. *J Clin Invest.* 

the endothelial cell surface. *J Biol Chem.* 1992;267(21):14987-14997.

products of proteins. *J Biol Chem.* 1992;267(21):14998-15004.

adipocyte cell line. *J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics.* 2010;3(1):37-45.

growth and metastases. *Nature.* 2000;405(6784):354-360.

factor kB (NF-kB) activation. *Lab Invest.* 2000;80(7):1101-1110.

1987;57(5):489-498.

1988;177(2):461-466.

*Psychiatry.* 2010;15(1):3-4.

2003;112(12):1796-1808.

2006;116(7):1793-1801.

inflammatory cell recruitment. *J Exp Med.* 2003;198(10):1507-1515.

in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. *Sleep Med.* 2006;7(5):431-435.

*Psychoneuroendocrinology.* 2010;35(2):321-324.

Hofmann MA, Kislinger T, Ingram M, Lu A, Tanaka H, Hori O, Ogawa S, Stern DM, Schmidt AM. Blockade of RAGE-amphoterin signalling suppresses tumour

Morser J, Migheli A, Nawroth P, Stern D, Schmidt AM. RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. *Nature.* 1996;382(6593):685-691. [60] Sousa MM, Yan SD, Stern D, Saraiva MJ. Interaction of the receptor for advanced

glycation end products (RAGE) with transthyretin triggers nuclear transcription

Morser J, Arnold B, Preissner KT, Nawroth PP. The pattern recognition receptor (RAGE) is a counterreceptor for leukocyte integrins: a novel pathway for

and S100-beta proteins in normal nonnervous human tissues. *Lab Invest.* 

differentiation to adipocytes and its liberating by lipolytic hormones. *Eur J Biochem.* 

HG, Bogerts B, Schroeter ML, Westphal S. S100B serum levels are closely correlated with body mass index: an important caveat in neuropsychiatric research.

Gos T, Herberth M, Schroeter ML, Schwarz MJ, Westphal S, Bahn S, Bogerts B. Elevated S100B levels in schizophrenia are associated with insulin resistance. *Mol* 

Laaksonen DE, Poutanen K, Uusitupa M, Gylling H. Gene expression of FTO in human subcutaneous adipose tissue, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and

associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. *J Clin Invest.* 

LA, Chen H. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of

Hurley W, Clauss M, et al. Isolation and characterization of two binding proteins for advanced glycosylation end products from bovine lung which are present on

Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end


[86] Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O,

[88] Rodino-Janeiro BK, Salgado-Somoza A, Teijeira-Fernandez E, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR,

[89] Orlova VV, Choi EY, Xie C, Chavakis E, Bierhaus A, Ihanus E, Ballantyne CM,

[90] Schmidt AM, Yan SD, Brett J, Mora R, Nowygrod R, Stern D. Regulation of human

[91] Strissel KJ, Stancheva Z, Miyoshi H, Perfield JW, 2nd, DeFuria J, Jick Z, Greenberg AS,

[92] Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K. 5-year incidence of

[93] Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Obesity/insulin

[94] Gao X, Zhang H, Schmidt AM, Zhang C. AGE/RAGE Produces Endothelial

[95] Malherbe P, Richards JG, Gaillard H, Thompson A, Diener C, Schuler A, Huber G.

[96] Schlueter C, Hauke S, Flohr AM, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J. Tissue-specific expression

[97] Park IH, Yeon SI, Youn JH, Choi JE, Sasaki N, Choi IH, Shin JS. Expression of a novel

[98] Ding Q, Keller JN. Splice variants of the receptor for advanced glycosylation end

[99] Bierhaus A, Humpert PM, Morcos M, Wendt T, Chavakis T, Arnold B, Stern DM,

[100] Ohe K, Watanabe T, Harada S, Munesue S, Yamamoto Y, Yonekura H, Yamamoto H.

products (RAGE) in human brain. *Neurosci Lett.* 2005;373(1):67-72.

alternative splicing? *Biochim Biophys Acta.* 2003;1630(1):1-6.

syndrome of insulin resistance. *J Clin Invest.* 1996;97(11):2601-2610.

its impact on metabolic syndrome. *J Clin Invest.* 2004;114(12):1752-1761. [87] Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES. Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple

forms of insulin resistance. *Nature.* 2006;440(7086):944-948.

glycation end products. *J Clin Invest.* 1993;91(5):2155-2168.

nondiabetic subjects. *Circulation.* 1990;82(1):27-36.

2011;164(4):529-537.

2007;26(4):1129-1139.

*Diabetes.* 2007;56(12):2910-2918.

*Physiol.* 2008; 295(2): H491-498.

*Brain Res.* 1999; 71(2):159-170.

2004;40(16):1203-1211.

products. *J Mol Med.* 2005;83(11):876-886.

Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and

Alvarez E, Eiras S. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to coronary artery disease. *Eur J Endocrinol.* 

Gahmberg CG, Bianchi ME, Nawroth PP, Chavakis T. A novel pathway of HMGB1 mediated inflammatory cell recruitment that requires Mac-1-integrin. *Embo J.* 

mononuclear phagocyte migration by cell surface-binding proteins for advanced

Obin MS. Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications.

atherosclerotic vascular disease in relation to general risk factors, insulin level, and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in non-insulin-dependent diabetic and

resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the

Dysfunction in Coronary Arterioles in Type II Diabetic Mice. *Am J Physiol Heart Circ* 

cDNA cloning of a novel secreted isoform of the human receptor for advanced glycation end products and characterization of cells co-expressing cell-surface scavenger receptors and Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein. *Brain Res Mol* 

patterns of the RAGE receptor and its soluble forms--a result of regulated

secreted splice variant of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in human brain astrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. *Mol Immunol.* 

Nawroth PP. Understanding RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end

Regulation of alternative splicing of the receptor for advanced glycation

endproducts (RAGE) through G-rich cis-elements and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H. *J Biochem.* 2010;147(5):651-659.


[113] Lu L, Pu LJ, Zhang Q, Wang LJ, Kang S, Zhang RY, Chen QJ, Wang JG, De Caterina R,

[114] Koyama H, Shoji T, Fukumoto S, Shinohara K, Emoto M, Mori K, Tahara H, Ishimura

[116] Miura J, Yamamoto Y, Osawa M, Watanabe T, Yonekura H, Uchigata Y, Yamamoto H,

[117] Geroldi D, Falcone C, Emanuele E, D'Angelo A, Calcagnino M, Buzzi MP, Scioli GA,

[119] D'Adamo E, Giannini C, Chiavaroli V, de Giorgis T, Verrotti A, Chiarelli F, Mohn A.

[120] Basta G, Sironi AM, Lazzerini G, Del Turco S, Buzzigoli E, Casolaro A, Natali A,

[121] Devangelio E, Santilli F, Formoso G, Ferroni P, Bucciarelli L, Michetti N, Clissa C,

[122] Challier M, Jacqueminet S, Benabdesselam O, Grimaldi A, Beaudeux JL. Increased

[123] Tan KC, Shiu SW, Chow WS, Leng L, Bucala R, Betteridge DJ. Association between

[124] Nakamura K, Yamagishi SI, Adachi H, Kurita-Nakamura Y, Matsui T, Yoshida T, Sato

[125] Yamamoto Y, Miura J, Sakurai S, Watanabe T, Yonekura H, Tamei H, Matsuki H,

stage renal disease. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.* 2007;27(1):147-153. [115] Yamagishi S, Adachi H, Nakamura K, Matsui T, Jinnouchi Y, Takenaka K, Takeuchi M,

diabetes. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.* 2007;27(1):253-254.

diabetes. *Atherosclerosis.* 2009;206(2):540-545.

2006;55(9):1227-1231.

2009;42(9):802-807.

2006;49(11):2756-2762.

*Res Rev.* 2007;23(5): 368-371.

*Redox Signal.* 2011;14(6):1167-1172.

*Endocrinol Metab.* 2006;91(11):4628-4634.

oxidative stress. *Free Radic Biol Med.* 2007;43(4):511-518.

patients with type 1 diabetes. *Clin Chem.* 2005;51(9):1749-1750.

Shen WF. Increased glycated albumin and decreased esRAGE levels are related to angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2

E, Kakiya R, Tabata T, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y. Low circulating endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs predicts cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-

Enomoto M, Furuki K, Hino A, Shigeto Y, Imaizumi T. Positive association between serum levels of advanced glycation end products and the soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products in nondiabetic subjects. *Metabolism.* 

Iwamoto Y. Endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation endproducts levels are correlated with serum pentosidine and CML in patients with type 1

Fogari R. Decreased plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in patients with essential hypertension. *J Hypertens.* 2005;23(9):1725-1729. [118] Yilmaz Y, Ulukaya E, Gul OO, Arabul M, Gul CB, Atug O, Oral AY, Aker S, Dolar E.

Decreased plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. *Clin Biochem.* 

What is the significance of soluble and endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products in liver steatosis in obese prepubertal children? *Antioxid* 

Ferrannini E, Gastaldelli A. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely associated with glycemic control and S100A12 protein. *J Clin* 

Ciabattoni G, Consoli A, Davi G. Soluble RAGE in type 2 diabetes: association with

serum concentrations of soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in

serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and circulating advanced glycation end products in type 2 diabetes. *Diabetologia.* 

A, Imaizumi T. Elevation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease. *Diabetes Metab* 

Obata KI, Uchigata Y, Iwamoto Y, Koyama H, Yamamoto H. Assaying soluble

forms of receptor for advanced glycation end products. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.* 2007;27(6):e33-e34.


Central role of RAGE-dependent neointimal expansion in arterial restenosis. *J Clin Invest.* 2003;111(7):959-972.


[138] Chen Y, Yan SS, Colgan J, Zhang HP, Luban J, Schmidt AM, Stern D, Herold KC.

[140] Arancio O, Zhang HP, Chen X, Lin C, Trinchese F, Puzzo D, Liu S, Hegde A, Yan SF,

[141] Cheng C, Tsuneyama K, Kominami R, Shinohara H, Sakurai S, Yonekura H, Watanabe

[142] Tanaka N, Yonekura H, Yamagishi S, Fujimori H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H. The

[143] Coughlan MT, Thallas-Bonke V, Pete J, Long DM, Gasser A, Tong DC, Arnstein M,

[144] Zhong Y, Li SH, Liu SM, Szmitko PE, He XQ, Fedak PW, Verma S. C-Reactive protein

[145] Geroldi D, Falcone C, Minoretti P, Emanuele E, Arra M, D'Angelo A. High levels of

[146] Forbes JM, Thorpe SR, Thallas-Bonke V, Pete J, Thomas MC, Deemer ER, Bassal S, El-

[147] Marx N, Walcher D, Ivanova N, Rautzenberg K, Jung A, Friedl R, Hombach V, de

[148] Okamoto T, Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Amano S, Koga K, Abe R, Takeuchi M, Ohno S,

products and its prevention by cerivastatin. *Faseb J.* 2002;16(14):1928-1930. [149] Cuccurullo C, Iezzi A, Fazia ML, De Cesare D, Di Francesco A, Muraro R, Bei R,

endothelial cells. *Hypertension.* 2006;48(3):504-511.

longevity in humans. *J Am Geriatr Soc.* 2006;54(7):1149-1150.

advanced glycation end products. *J Immunol.* 2004;173(2):1399-1405. [139] Goova MT, Li J, Kislinger T, Qu W, Lu Y, Bucciarelli LG, Nowygrod S, Wolf BM,

*Invest.* 2003;111(7):959-972.

*Pathol.* 2001;159(2):513-525.

2004;23(20):4096-4105.

*Pathol.* 2005;18(10):1385-1396.

2000;275(33):25781-25790.

*Nephrol.* 2005;16(8):2363-2372.

2004;53(10):2662-2668.

2007;148(2):886-895.

Central role of RAGE-dependent neointimal expansion in arterial restenosis. *J Clin* 

Blockade of late stages of autoimmune diabetes by inhibition of the receptor for

Caliste X, Yan SF, Stern DM, Schmidt AM. Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation end-products restores effective wound healing in diabetic mice. *Am J* 

Stern A, Luddy JS, Lue LF, Walker DG, Roher A, Buttini M, Mucke L, Li W, Schmidt AM, Kindy M, Hyslop PA, Stern DM, Du Yan SS. RAGE potentiates Abeta-induced perturbation of neuronal function in transgenic mice. *Embo J.* 

T, Takano Y, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto Y. Expression profiling of endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products in human organs. *Mod* 

receptor for advanced glycation end products is induced by the glycation products themselves and tumor necrosis factor-alpha through nuclear factor-kappa B, and by 17beta-estradiol through Sp-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. *J Biol Chem.* 

Thorpe SR, Cooper ME, Forbes JM. Combination therapy with the advanced glycation end product cross-link breaker, alagebrium, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetes: synergy or redundancy? *Endocrinology.* 

upregulates receptor for advanced glycation end products expression in human

soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products may be a marker of extreme

Osta A, Long DM, Panagiotopoulos S, Jerums G, Osicka TM, Cooper ME. Modulation of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products by angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. *J Am Soc* 

Caterina R, Basta G, Wautier MP, Wautiers JL. Thiazolidinediones reduce endothelial expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products. *Diabetes.* 

Yoshimura A, Makita Z. Angiogenesis induced by advanced glycation end

Ucchino S, Spigonardo F, Chiarelli F, Schmidt AM, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A,

Cipollone F. Suppression of RAGE as a basis of simvastatin-dependent plaque stabilization in type 2 diabetes. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.* 2006;26(12):2716-2723.

