**1. Introduction**

### **1.1 Theme**

For Biomedical Engineering (BME) to be a professional discipline, we need to address the professional needs of anatomy and physiology, medicine and surgery, hospital performance and management.

The role of BME in Anatomy is to demonstrate how anatomical structures are intrinsically designed as optimal structures. In Physiology, the BME formulation of physiological systems functions can enable us to characterize and differentiate normal systems from dysfunctional and diseased systems. In order to address Medical needs, we need to cater to the functions and disorders of organ systems, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and the glucose regulatory system. In Surgery, we can develop the criteria for candidacy for surgery, carry out pre-surgical analysis of optimal surgical approaches, and design surgical technology and implants. In Hospital management, we can develop measures of costeffectiveness of hospital departments, budget development and allocation.

For BME in Anatomy, we depict how the spinal disc is designed as an intrinsically optimal structure. For BME in Medicine, we formulate the engineering system analyses of Organ system functions and medical tests,


The solution of the organ system's governing DEq is then derived, and made to simulate the monitored data, in order to:


Herein, we demonstrate how this methodology [1, 2] is applied to:


Finally, we have also shown the application of this concept and methodology to hospital management. There is a considerable (and hitherto under developed) scope for application of Industrial Engineering discipline for effective hospital administration, in the form of how to determine and allocate hospital budget to optimise the functional performances of all the hospital departments. This leads us to what can be termed as the *Hospital Management System*.

Herein, we have shown how to formulate a performance index (PFI) for ICU. This index divided by the Resource index gives us the cost-effectiveness index (CEI). The Management strategy is to maintain certain acceptable values of both PFI and CEI for all hospital departments, by judicious allocation of staff to the departments. This enables the determination of the Optimal Resource index (RSI) and hospital budget (HOB) to maintain a balance between PFI and CEI for all the hospital departments. This can constitute the basis of Hospital Management.
