**14. References**

[1] Nondimensional Physiological Indices for Medical assessment, by Dhanjoo N. Ghista, in *J of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology*, Vol 9, No 4, 2009.

5. *Medical Physiology:* A Non-dimensional Diabetes Index with respect to Oral-

8. *ICU Evaluation:* Indicator for lung-status in Mechanically ventilated Copd patients,

9. *Monitoring:* Noninvasive determination of Aortic pressure, aortic stiffness and

We have shown how biomedical engineering (BME) can open up a new approach to the study of Anatomy, in terms of how anatomical structures are intrinsically designed as

We have also seen how BME can be applied to the study of Physiology, by modelling of physiological systems (as bme models), which can enable us to assess their performance for clinical usage by means of our novel NDPIs comprised of the physiological systems' model parameters. The NDPIs can considerably facilitate medical assessment, and lead us to what can be effectively termed as Higher-order Translational Medicine (HOTM), entailing the incorporation of physical and engineering sciences into medical sciences and clinical

Even Medical tests can be adroitly modelled as BME systems. These systems are formulated in the form of mathematical models, whose solutions are simulated to the medical tests data, to evaluate the model parameters. The model parameters can be combined into NDPIs, by means of which the test data can be analysed for making more reliable medical assessment

Finally, we have seen how we can bring to bear the enormous scope of Industrial Engineering (and constrained optimisation theory) to hospital operational management, so as to develop (i) cost-effective performance indices of hospital departments, and (ii) more knowledgeable framework for budget development and allocation to the various

Putting all of this together is what will justify (i) the incorporation of BME into the MD curriculum, and (ii) its constituting an indispensable patient-care oriented department in

This verily constitutes the biomedical engineering professional trail, from anatomy and physiology to medicine and into hospital administration. This is what the professional role of biomedical engineering needs to be, to promote a higher order of translational medicine

[1] Nondimensional Physiological Indices for Medical assessment, by Dhanjoo N. Ghista, in

*J of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology*, Vol 9, No 4, 2009.

4. *Medical Test:* Cardiac Fitness based on Treadmill Heart Rate Variation

6. *Cardiology:* LV Contractility based on its normalized wall stress

7. *Diagnostics:* LV Contractility based on its shape factor

using lung ventilation modeling and assessment

3. Non-dimensional Physiological Index

Glucose-tolerance Testing

peripheral resistance

optimal structures for their function.

and decisions.

department.

tertiary- care hospitals.

and patient care.

**14. References** 

10. *Coronary Bypass Surgery:* candidacy 11. Hospital Operations Management

sciences for more reliable and effective patient care.


[15] Physiological Systems' Numbers in Medical Diagnosis and Hosipital Cost-effective Operation, by Dhanjoo N. Ghista, in *Journal of Mechanics in Medicine & Biology* 2005, vol 4, No.4.

**Part 1** 
