**6. Conclusion**

Liposomes offer an interesting alternative to aluminium hydroxide and other adjuvant systems, especially in those cases, when the induction of cell immunity is of importance. Various methods for preparation of proteoliposomal vaccination particles are developed and metallochelating liposomes represent the newest and versatile approach to this problem. New nonpyrogenic lipophilic derivatives of norAbu-MDP have been shown to be potent adjuvants for week antigens like recombinant nonlipidized OspC and are suitable adjuvant components, together with other synthetic adjuvants like MPLA and CpG oligos, for construction of vaccines based on various liposomal platforms. Adjuvant potency of these new MDP analogues is comparable to MDP but they lack side effects related to MDP, like strong pyrogenicity and flu like syndromes. Also other synthetic adjuvans like (MPL-A and CpG oligonucleotides) or could be entrapped in metallochelating liposomes alone or in their combinations to precisely tailor the immune response towards particular antigen, especially if the Th1 response is of interest.

Moreover, liposomes are also applicable for non-invasive routes of application as mucosal and transdermal ones, and if rationally designed and applied with new synthetic adjuvants derived from PAMP, they are able to steer the immune system towards desired effective response. The most important observation was that in all vaccinated animals liposomal based vaccines did not induce any side effects. Application of modern physico-chemical and microscopic methods for study of the structure and stability of proteoliposomal vaccination particles is indispensable part of successful development of modern safe and effective vaccines.

## **7. Acknowledgment**

This work was supported by grants: GAČR P304/10/1951; MSM 6198959223; MZE 0002716202; KAN 200520703 AVČR and KAN 200100801.

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This work was supported by grants: GAČR P304/10/1951; MSM 6198959223; MZE

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