**1. Introduction**

558 Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology

The considered approaches to research of the IRLSS virtual simulators can be used at

Authors express thanks to the colleagues from Joint-Stock Company 'NIIchimmash' Lev Gavrilov, Aleksey Kochetkov, Victor Andreev and Roman Sachkov, as well as the our colleagues from SRC RF – IMBP RAN Juriy Sinyak and Vladimir Trikolkin in many respects

Authors are grateful to the reviewer of this chapter Aleksandar Lazinica from CEO for

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**8. Acknowledgment** 

**9. References** 

promoting fulfillment of the given charter.

valuable comments made at its preparation.

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### **1.1 The traditions of biomedical physics and engineering in Poland**

Medical physics and engineering education in Poland started in the 1930s with the foundation of the Radium Institute in Warsaw by Maria Sklodowska-Curie. Prof. Cezary Pawlowski, one of the assistants and then collaborators of Mme Curie (fig. 1), organized the first courses in medical physics and biomedical engineering at the Physics Department of the Radium Institute.

The first course in medical engineering started at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Warsaw University of Technology in the 1950s. Then, at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Electronics of the AGH University of Science and Technology (former University of Mining and Metallurgy) in Krakow, Prof. Ryszard Tadeusiewicz organized the first courses in biomedical engineering in the 1970s. Fig. 2 shows the first Polish textbooks in Medical Electronics and in Biocybernetics. Note the year of the issue of both books, 1978.

Until the academic year 2005/2006, education in biomedical engineering was offered only as a specialization in other fields of studies, e.g. mechanics, automatics & robotics and electronics. The development of new technologies in medical diagnosis and therapy required a new approach to biomedical engineering education. Therefore, a consortium was set up of six technical universities (in alphabetical order): The AGH University of Science and Technology (Krakow), The Gdansk University of Technology (Gdansk), The Silesian University of Technology (Gliwice), The Technical University of Lodz (Lodz), The Warsaw University of Technology (Warsaw) and The Wroclaw University of Technology (Wroclaw). The consortium developed a new programme of education and then applied to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education for an official permit to create a new field of studies referred to as "Biomedical Engineering" (BME). In June 2006, the Ministry gave its consent to this proposal. The AGH University of Science and Technology was first in Poland to enroll students in BME in the academic year 2006-2007. In 2007-2008, all the members of the consortium had students in BME. In the academic year 2010-2011, BME education is being offered by 16 technical universities in Poland (Table 1).

Fig. 1. Dated 1911. Probably one of the earliest photographs to show Maria Sklodowska Curie (first from the left), a double Nobel Prize laureate and professor at the Sorbonne (Paris), and Walery Goetel (first from the right), professor and future rector of the Mining Academy (now the AGH-UST), on a mountain trip which could have led to Maria Sklodowska Curie's becoming three years later Director of the Red Cross Radiology Service during World War I. She is also known to have converted many ordinary cars into ambulances equipped with mobile radiology units. These cars, called "petite Curie," transported X-ray apparatus to the wounded at the battle front, thus saving the lives of many French soldiers.

Medical physics education in Poland started in 1950 with the technical physics specialization created by Prof. Cezary Pawlowski at the Warsaw University of Technology, and at the AGH University of Science and Technology (former University of Mining and Metallurgy) in Krakow by Prof. Marian Miesowicz. In the 1970s, a medical physics programme was initiated at Warsaw University and at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. In 1990, a specialization in Radiation Physics and Dosimetry was started at the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, which since 1991-1992 has been run as Medical Physics and Dosimetry in close cooperation with the Collegium Medicum (Faculty of Medicine) of the Jagiellonian University. In the academic year 2010-2011, about 15 universities and technical universities offered courses for students in medical physics (Table 2).

enroll students in BME in the academic year 2006-2007. In 2007-2008, all the members of the consortium had students in BME. In the academic year 2010-2011, BME education is being

Fig. 1. Dated 1911. Probably one of the earliest photographs to show Maria Sklodowska Curie (first from the left), a double Nobel Prize laureate and professor at the Sorbonne (Paris), and Walery Goetel (first from the right), professor and future rector of the Mining Academy (now the AGH-UST), on a mountain trip which could have led to Maria

Sklodowska Curie's becoming three years later Director of the Red Cross Radiology Service

Medical physics education in Poland started in 1950 with the technical physics specialization created by Prof. Cezary Pawlowski at the Warsaw University of Technology, and at the AGH University of Science and Technology (former University of Mining and Metallurgy) in Krakow by Prof. Marian Miesowicz. In the 1970s, a medical physics programme was initiated at Warsaw University and at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. In 1990, a specialization in Radiation Physics and Dosimetry was started at the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, which since 1991-1992 has been run as Medical Physics and Dosimetry in close cooperation with the Collegium Medicum (Faculty of Medicine) of the Jagiellonian University. In the academic year 2010-2011, about 15 universities and technical universities offered courses for students in medical physics

during World War I. She is also known to have converted many ordinary cars into ambulances equipped with mobile radiology units. These cars, called "petite Curie," transported X-ray apparatus to the wounded at the battle front, thus saving the lives of

many French soldiers.

(Table 2).

offered by 16 technical universities in Poland (Table 1).

Fig. 2. The first Polish textbooks for biomedical engineering students issued by AGH-UST.
