*2.2.2.2. Inverter*

allow a significant reduction due to the efficient use of radial space. Due to the low permeability of the permanent magnet DC Motors, armature reaction decreases under normal circumstan‐ ces, the commutation has been greatly improved. However, their commutator and brushes

Induction motors as a brushless drive are widely used for electric vehicles, because of their low cost, high reliability, and easy maintenance. However, the induction motor performance is quite limited, such as the variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) control. The main reason is due to the dynamic model of the nonlinearities. Recently, the induction motor has seen a greater progress in the design method, and the power density is increased. On the other hand, efficiency-optimizing-control (EOC) approaches have been developed for the EV induction drives, which can reduce the consumed energy and increase the regenerative energy. Moreover, the program of changing the pole pair number has been developed to significantly

SRMs with simple structure have been recognized as potential traction motors for EVs [14], low manufacturing cost, and outstanding torque speed characteristics. However, design and control are difficult and, in addition, acoustic-noise is still a problem. Now, fuzzy sliding mode control has been developed for the control of nonlinear systems and minimization of chatter‐ ing. In addition, vibration cancellation technique for the SRM has been proposed to reduce the

Permanent magnet brushless motors (PMBLMs) are becoming increasingly attractive and can directly compete with the induction drives for EVs. The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and brushless DC motor (BLDCM) are two main representatives. The advantages of PMBLMs are high efficiency, high power density, and high reliability. The key problem is the high cost due to PM materials. In recent years, the new class of PMBLMs has applied hybrid

An integral part of the electric vehicle comprises DC-AC inverters and DC-DC converters, used

Owing to the advent of intelligent vehicle systems, the demand of DC power for automotive electronic equipment is continuously increasing. A DC-DC converter possesses the function of converting the input DC voltage to another output DC voltage with different levels. A high conversion efficiency can be usually guaranteed [15]. Normally, DC-DC converters are

*2.2.2. Topologies of power converters and switching devices for AFVs' deployment*

make operation not very reliable and maintenance is difficult.

*2.2.1.2. Induction motor*

6 New Applications of Electric Drives

extend the constant power region.

vibration mode and acoustic noise.

field excitations.

*2.2.2.1. DC-DC converter*

*2.2.1.4. Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor (PMBLM)*

as an application for EV and HEV motor drives.

*2.2.1.3. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)*

The DC–AC converter (inverter) has been the main choice in power electronics, because of its circuit simplicity and rugged control scheme. In order to expand the motor speed and torque region, usually high modulated frequency and high output current are permitted for the motor controlled by the inverter for AFV applications. Inverters improve the voltage utilization, reduce current harmonic contents, and create modulated sinusoidal voltage by sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) or space vector PWM (SVPWM) control methods. Three-phase two-level inverter, known as six switches inverter, shown in Figure 3, is widely used. This topology has the merits of low cost, easy control, and high reliability.

**Figure 3.** A common inverter topology
