**5. Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS)**

This technology is comparatively new in which genomic DNAs from large mapping popula‐ tions are sequenced followed by SNP identification. This allows a rapid way for dissecting QTLs for economically important traits in large mapping populations besides allowing genetic diversity and the phylogenetic study between large numbers of accessions/genotypes. This approach is based on reduced representation sequencing, which involves the digestion of genomic DNA with appropriate restriction enzyme to capture a targeted portion of the genome followed by adapter (DNA-barcoded) ligation, PCR amplification, and sequencing of multi‐ plexed libraries [170, 171]. For sequencing, the Illumina's GAII and HiSeq and latest with the Torrent PGM and Proton (Life Technologies) are used. To analyze the large sequencing data, several automated pipelines are being developed, including TASSEL, UNEAK, and IGST. Besides *de novo* SNP discovery, it offers the greatest advantage for those crops in which the solid reference genome sequence is absent. GBS has emerged as a high-throughput, robust, and cost-effective tool for genome-wide association studies and genomics-assisted breeding in numbers of plant and animal species, in particular for those having a complex genome. The utility of GBS has been demonstrated very well for discovery and genotyping of large number of SNPs, genetic mapping, diversity analysis, and population structure [172]. Among Solana‐ ceae family, in potato, a high-quality sequence data of 12.4 Gb was obtained from which 129,156 sequence variants have been identified and mapped to 2.1 Mb of the potato reference genome with average read depth of 636 per cultivar [173].
