**10. Conclusions and future directions**

Insecticides resistance against malaria vectors has spread throughout the East African countries. Some of the countries like Tanzania and Rwanda have already established a national insecticide resistance monitoring and management plan, and others are in the process of developing the plan mainly to prevent the emergence of resistance or as a response to detected resistance. However, effective implementation of the plan requires national capacities in terms of trained human power and infrastructure to undertake surveillance and monitoring of resistance to advice policy to look for alternate control options or new vector control tools or ensure that current interventions remain a choice in vector control program. Effective imple‐ mentation of insecticide resistance monitoring and management also needs coordination and inter-sectorial collaboration in the respective countries.

The lack of enough funds in East African countries may delay the implementation of resistance monitoring and management strategies. This may hinder to start monitoring of resistance or responding to resistance, use of suggested insecticide of choice for vector control, change control strategy as soon as strong evidence on resistance is available. Internal sources of funding, internally driven resource mobilization and allocation of adequate resources are of paramount importance in implementing national insecticide resistance monitoring and management strategies in the context of integrated vector management. The NMCP of each country needs also to develop the working guideline with donors and other relevant partners to implement insecticides resistance monitoring and management strategies.
