**Author details**

in reducing the stages of *A aurantii* (citrus pest) and allows for the survival of the primary

In reference [29], they concluded that the goal of obtaining laboratory data would be useful for the implementation of a strategy to implement when using pesticides; it is essential to understand the attributes of the pesticide in question, the target organism (pest or beneficial),

Resistance to insecticides and myticides is one of the serious obstacles in the effective man‐ agement of pests, and is a clear example of evolution and natural selection. True resistance is produced when there is a structural genetic change that could be hereditary. In contrast, tolerance is the natural ability of a population of arthropods to tolerate the toxic effects of a specific insecticide. This can occur through a physiological adaption in just one generation but by the same toxin, it can lose the effect if the insects are not exposed again to this toxin. Actually, the insecticide and myticide resistance in grape in North America is not a problem due to the

Two types of resistance are recognized—behavioral and physiological. Behavioral resistance is defined as the capacity of the arthropod to avoid toxic doses that ordinarily would be lethal. On the other hand, physiological resistance is a question of hypersensitivity of the arthropod exposed to the compound, which depends on three factors: reduction in the penetration of the

The cases of documented insecticide resistance in aphids within the group of ketoenols is for spirodiclofen, where there have been strains observed in the laboratory and field populations of mites *Tetranychus urticae* [32-34], *Panonychus citri* [35], and *Panonychus ulmi* [36]. This information indicates a possible risk of resistance in aphids to spirotetramat. Recent studies by Pan and collaborators [37] report a strain of cotton aphid that develops spirotetramat resistance of 11.97 times by adults and 441.26 times by adult nymphs, in comparison with the susceptible strain. However, these lack the cross resistance to existing insecticides and for this reason it is considered a new tool in the management of insecticidal resistance for cotton aphid. A proteomics study based on identification and analysis of proteins associated with the mechanism for tolerance to spirotetramat in *Aphis gossypii Glover* detected approximately 493 associated protein points that possibly may confer resistance to spirotetramat for the cotton aphid [38]. Knowledge generation involving proteomic resources are expected to contribute

Spirotetramat acts as a biosynthesis inhibitor of lipids and presents good activity against the most important aphids including whitefly. The activity of spirotetramat predominates in the

toxin, a better way to detoxify, and desensitizing the target destination [29].

to a better understanding of the development of resistance to spirotetramat.

parasite *A melinus* [31].

50 Insecticides Resistance

and the ecosystem that these organisms are present in.

existence of management programs [29].

**7. Conclusion**

**6. The possible generation of resistance to spirotetramat**

Norma-Julieta Salazar-López1 , María-Lourdes Aldana-Madrid1\*, María-Isabel Silveira-Gramont1 and José-Luis Aguiar2

\*Address all correspondence to: laldana@guayacan.uson.mx

1 Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora. Hermosillo, Sonora, México

2 University of California. Agriculture & Natural Resources. Cooperative Extension Riverside County. CA, USA
