**8. Concluding remarks**

Pesticide resistance is a preadaptive and genetic condition that implies the presence and selection of a collection of genes within a population of arthropods. A principal function of this suite of genes is to detoxify the chemicals used for pest control. Pesticide use is a strong selection force for resistance among pest populations.

Genetic plasticity in arthropods enables the emergence of resistance to currently used pesti‐ cides. Because of the natural host defense mechanisms evolved through millions of years, it is likely that arthropod pests are preadapted to become resistant to new pesticides, especially if the current intensive use of pesticides continues.

The growing problem of multiple resistance in arthropods all around the world demands research that can help us to better understand the mechanisms of pesticides resistance. This knowledge can be translated into improved diagnostic and predictive tools to mitigate the impact of pesticide resistance. Integrating genomics methods for pesticides resistance detec‐ tion and vaccine development against hematophagous arthropods will improve strategies to prevent and predict the emergence of pesticides resistance that could lower the burden of pests and vector-borne diseases on humans, livestock, and wildlife.
