**5. Field studies of spirotetramat in grapevine**

It is essential to understand the course of action and toxicity of pesticides through the devel‐ opment of methods and procedures of bioassays because some chemicals (such as organo‐ phosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids) can express their toxicity in a maximum time frame of 48 hours; other reduced risk pesticides such as spirotetramat, spinetoram, novaluron, chlorantraniliprole, and flubendiamide express their toxic effects several days after treatment [11]. For the majority of systemic insecticides, the primary route of entry is through the xylem, normally through the roots after directed applications. A foliar treatment of spirotetramat can be translocated acropetally and basipetally; it can also be ambimobil (movement across the xylem and phloem) and by this manner it can supply systemically to the top and bottom of the plant with a great potential for control of grape *phylloxera* [29].

The profile of the insecticide residuals in grape is influenced not only by its penetration and properties of translocation, but also by the active growth pattern of the vine that will produce an effect of dilution of the residues. If the compound is applied on the mature leaves through a foliar application, the drop in the residues will depend on the environmental degradation of the compound, given that the life size is constant during this stage [30]. Spirotetramat is an insecticide compatible with an integrated pest management approach; it has provided a new mode of action against sucking insects such as whiteflies, psyllids, and aphids [22]; it is effective in reducing the stages of *A aurantii* (citrus pest) and allows for the survival of the primary parasite *A melinus* [31].

In reference [29], they concluded that the goal of obtaining laboratory data would be useful for the implementation of a strategy to implement when using pesticides; it is essential to understand the attributes of the pesticide in question, the target organism (pest or beneficial), and the ecosystem that these organisms are present in.
