**6. The possible generation of resistance to spirotetramat**

Resistance to insecticides and myticides is one of the serious obstacles in the effective man‐ agement of pests, and is a clear example of evolution and natural selection. True resistance is produced when there is a structural genetic change that could be hereditary. In contrast, tolerance is the natural ability of a population of arthropods to tolerate the toxic effects of a specific insecticide. This can occur through a physiological adaption in just one generation but by the same toxin, it can lose the effect if the insects are not exposed again to this toxin. Actually, the insecticide and myticide resistance in grape in North America is not a problem due to the existence of management programs [29].

Two types of resistance are recognized—behavioral and physiological. Behavioral resistance is defined as the capacity of the arthropod to avoid toxic doses that ordinarily would be lethal. On the other hand, physiological resistance is a question of hypersensitivity of the arthropod exposed to the compound, which depends on three factors: reduction in the penetration of the toxin, a better way to detoxify, and desensitizing the target destination [29].

The cases of documented insecticide resistance in aphids within the group of ketoenols is for spirodiclofen, where there have been strains observed in the laboratory and field populations of mites *Tetranychus urticae* [32-34], *Panonychus citri* [35], and *Panonychus ulmi* [36]. This information indicates a possible risk of resistance in aphids to spirotetramat. Recent studies by Pan and collaborators [37] report a strain of cotton aphid that develops spirotetramat resistance of 11.97 times by adults and 441.26 times by adult nymphs, in comparison with the susceptible strain. However, these lack the cross resistance to existing insecticides and for this reason it is considered a new tool in the management of insecticidal resistance for cotton aphid.

A proteomics study based on identification and analysis of proteins associated with the mechanism for tolerance to spirotetramat in *Aphis gossypii Glover* detected approximately 493 associated protein points that possibly may confer resistance to spirotetramat for the cotton aphid [38]. Knowledge generation involving proteomic resources are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the development of resistance to spirotetramat.
