**4. Conclusion**

Antimicrobials have been used frequently as a conventional measure to prevention and control diseases in dairy farming. Especially in mastitis control programs, more and more antibiotics were applied even without any clinical symptoms in dairy cattle herds. However, long-term in-feed use of antibiotics on dairy farms has led to the alarming increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which has become a public health issue worldwide, e.g., methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* (MRSA) from raw milk and environmental samples constitutes a great threat to food safety. In order to better understand the potential of dairy cattle as a reservoir for antibioticresistant bacteria, it is important to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance

References [55–59] reported many bovine mastitic bacteria and reported the isolated bacteria were resistant to many antibiotics. Sadashiv [60] isolated a total of 878 strains of bacteria from bovine mastitis (Table 1), which showed multidrug resistance to the antibiotics such as amikacin, amoxyclav, ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, cefaclor, cefixime, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Further, the strains were identified by 16s rDNA method. Due to wide sampling area, the identified strains were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphism analysis and found huge diversity among the strains, demonstrating the migration of the antibiotic resistance strains (Fig. 5). The study concluded that the examination of the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates must be done earlier to the use of antibiotics in both to choose appropriate

**Sl. no Bacteria Isolates Percentage (%)** *Staphylococcus aureus* 210 23.91 Coagulase-negative *Staphylococcus* 165 18.79 *Bacillus* spp*.* 221 25.17 *Escherichia coli* 97 11.04 *Pseudomonas* spp. 72 8.20 *Aerococcus* spp. 34 3.87 *Cronobacter spp.* 23 2.61 Others 56 6.37 Total 878 100

It is possible that mastitogenic bacteria can lose the sensitivity to antibiotics over the time or even acquire sometimes this feature [61]. Important reasons for the failure of treatment of mastitis are the indiscriminate use of antibiotics without *in vitro* sensitivity of causal organisms. It is necessary to monitor mastitis pathogens to assess any changes in their antibiotic resistance patterns. Careful use of antibiotics can avoid the increase and dissemination in antimicrobial

among bacteria isolated from raw milk [54].

306 Insecticides Resistance

antibiotic for treatment and prevention of the disease.

**Table 1.** Prevalence of different bacterial isolates from the bovine mastitis milk.

resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in animals.

Presently, the development of resistance in all microorganisms is one of the major concerns and challenges throughout the world. The development of resistance can be achieved by the microorganisms by many ways. The smart, keen, and controlled use of pesticides, chemicals, and antibiotics will be much helpful in controlling the development of resistance. However, screening newer microbes and using newer recombinant technology on the screened microbes will help us reduce the resistance to xenobiotics compounds.
