**Author details**

Dragan Škorić\*

High level of resistance to *Bothynus gibbosus* was exhibited by the following species: *H. tuberoses, H. maximiliani, H. niveus, H. xlaetiflorus, H. salicifolius, H. mollis, H. grosseseratus, H.*

The results of Rogers [176, 179, 180], as well as Rogers and Thompson [178, 181, 182], confirm high levels of resistance to *Zygogramma exclamationis, Bothynus gibbosus, Masonaphis masoni* and *Empoasca abrupta* in wild sunflower species *H. tuberosus* and *H. maximiliani,* and recommend

Results of Rogers and Thompson [183, 184] confirm significant levels of resistance in two annual and 10 perennial wild species (*Masonaphis masoni*). The highest resistance to aphids

Weak point in sunflower breeding for resistance to insects is that only few sunflower research‐ ers deal with this issue. Insecticides can be used to some extent, more or less successfully, as

Biotic stresses cause great economic damages and act as a limiting factor for the production of

Diseases are the main problem among biotic stresses. Using wild sunflower species of the *Helianthus* genus, genes conferring resistance to most dominant diseases were discovered and

Regarding the achievements in sunflower breeding for disease resistance, the results can be

The first group consists of work that resulted in the discovery of genetic resistance to certain causative agents of sunflower diseases (*Plasmopara halstedii*, *Puccinia helianthi, Verticillium*

The second group comprises work in which a high level of tolerance (field resistance) was achieved. This group includes the results achieved in breeding for resistance to *Phomopsis/*

The third group consists of results in which a satisfactory level of tolerance was achieved

The fourth group consists of results that were partly achieved, where the level of favorable tolerance, that is, resistance, was not reached (*Rhizopus* ssp., *Botrytis cinerea* and other fungal

Viruses and bacteria only pose a minor problem in comparison with diseases. Breeding for

Broomrape (*Orobanche cumana* Walr.) is a major global issue in sunflower production, partic‐ ularly in Central and Eastern Europe. Genes conferring resistance to six races of broomrape have been discovered in some wild sunflower species and incorporated into genotypes of the

*Diaporthe helianthi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Albugo tragopogonis,* and *Alternaria* ssp.

*Argophyllus,* and *H. ciliar*is [178].

the use of these species in breeding programs.

618 Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

a solution to this problem in some species.

divided into four different groups.

**2.6. Conclusions**

sunflower.

pathogens).

was seen in *H. carnosus, H. exilis, H. floridanus* and *H. radula.*

incorporated to the genotypes of the cultivated sunflower.

*dahliae, Verticillium albo-atrum,* and *Erysiphe cichoracearum*).

(*Phoma macdonaldii* and to some extent *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*).

resistance to viruses and bacteria also includes wild sunflower species.

Address all correspondence to: draganskoric@sbb.rs

Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, SASA – Novi Sad Branch, Novi Sad, Serbia
