**1.3. Nonwoven geotextiles by nanotechnology formulations**

## *1.3.1. Nano clay fibers geotextiles*

A related aspect of nanotechnology is to use one or more components of a blending formulation in the nanoscale so as to create a nanocomposite formulation. Having pellets made from such a formulation, standard manufacturing processes can be used to manufacture any type of geosynthetic material. Two to three percent yellow clay nanoparticles have been added to make a formulation in order to manufacture polyester geotextiles. Table 1 shows the specifi‐ cations of the two types of geotextiles in this study: one with nanoclay (the formulated geotextile (FGT) series) and one without (the GT series). The standard polyester geotextiles were used to compare the performance difference against those with the clay nanoparticle blending formulation.

Table 2 shows the properties of the nanoclay blended to the virgin polyester resin formulation from which it is known that the amount to be added is 2–3%.

Nanotechnology Formulations and Modeling of Hydraulic Permeability Improvement for Nonwoven Geotextiles http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61997 303


**Table 1.** Specifications of the two types of polyester geotextiles.


**Table 2.** Components of the added yellow clay particles.

**Figure 7.** Relationship between separation fields and separation membranes using nanotechnology.

A related aspect of nanotechnology is to use one or more components of a blending formulation in the nanoscale so as to create a nanocomposite formulation. Having pellets made from such a formulation, standard manufacturing processes can be used to manufacture any type of geosynthetic material. Two to three percent yellow clay nanoparticles have been added to make a formulation in order to manufacture polyester geotextiles. Table 1 shows the specifi‐ cations of the two types of geotextiles in this study: one with nanoclay (the formulated geotextile (FGT) series) and one without (the GT series). The standard polyester geotextiles were used to compare the performance difference against those with the clay nanoparticle

Table 2 shows the properties of the nanoclay blended to the virgin polyester resin formulation

**1.3. Nonwoven geotextiles by nanotechnology formulations**

from which it is known that the amount to be added is 2–3%.

*1.3.1. Nano clay fibers geotextiles*

302 Non-woven Fabrics

blending formulation.

#### *1.3.2. Testing protocols used to evaluate engineering performance*

Tensile properties of nonwoven geotextiles were tested using ISO 10319 to minimize the deviation between index and performance tests. The modified EPA 9090 Test Method that was proposed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was adapted to test the chemical resistance of the geotextiles. The chemical resistance of nonwoven geotextiles in waste leachate solution was evaluated by comparing the strength retention before/after immersion at 25°C, 50°C, 80°C, and for 180 days using ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D 4632. AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists) 30 was used to estimate the biological resistance in the waste landfill leachate. Similar to chemical resistance, the biological resistance of nonwoven geotextiles was evaluated by comparing the strength retention before/after immersion. ASTM D4751-99a was used to compare the apparent opening size (AOS), and ASTM D1987-95(2002) was used to examine the permittivity of nonwoven geotextiles before/after immersion in the waste landfill leachate. (*ASTM D 35 Committee, 2015*) Finally, the adsorption efficiency was estimated to obtain the amounts of toxic and organic components that remained within the nonwoven geotextiles through inductively coupled analysis (ICP) analysis. An actual field leachate was used from the Woonjung-Dong waste landfill site in Gwangju, Korea (Rep.), where food wastes were mainly disposed of. It was seen that the pH value of the leachate solution indicated a weak-alkaline state and the presence of toxic components, for example, Cd and Pb, etc., and many kinds of organic components were included.

#### *1.3.3. Tensile properties* Figure 1.8 shows the tensile strength of both the nanoclay-blended and traditional polyester nonwoven geotextiles. For the two types (i.e., FGTs and GTs), tensile strengths in both directions

Figure 8 shows the tensile strength of both the nanoclay-blended and traditional polyester nonwoven geotextiles. For the two types (i.e., FGTs and GTs), tensile strengths in both directions (machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CMD)) increased with weight but tensile strains decreased with weight. This is a very common trend in tensile properties of nonwoven geotextiles. (*Jewell, R. A., 1996; Holtz, R. D. et al. 1995*) (machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CMD)) increased with weight but tensile strains decreased with weight. This is a very common trend in tensile properties of nonwoven geotextiles. (*Jewell, R. A., 1996; Holtz, R. D. et al. 1995*)

**Figure 1.8. Tensile properties of nanoclay-blended and traditional polyester nonwoven geotextiles (where MD, CMD mean the machine and cross machine directions, respectively). Figure 8.** Tensile properties of nanoclay-blended and traditional polyester nonwoven geotextiles (where MD, CMD mean the machine and cross machine directions, respectively).
