**2.1. Introduction**

**1.4. Future of nanotechnology applications in geoenvironmental engineering**

**Figure 16.** Component adsorption of nanoclay-blended and traditional polyester nonwoven geotextiles.

**•** Nanoclays and nanofibers already exist for use in the geosynthetics technology

community: (*Peggs, I. D., 2008*)

ers suited for the technology

**•** Geogrids can be made stronger

**•** Geocells can be made more rigid

owners and for better awareness

**•** Geonets can be made less compressible

**•** Stress cracking and oxidation resistances can be increased

**•** Color-coding can also be related to performance characteristics

polymers

308 Non-woven Fabrics

industry

The following was suggested by Dr. Ian D. Peggs in his article "The Future of Geosynthetics – One Opinion" regarding the manufacturing capabilities for use by the geosynthetics

**•** Carbon and graphite are also related to geosynthetics in that they can be generated from

**•** Geomembrane manufacturers have three-layer extruders and a few have five-layer extrud‐

**•** New materials will be involved in bringing new participants and new applications to the

**•** Five-layer geomembranes offer a better opportunity to customize colors (for example) for

**•** Color can be marketed – it was done successfully in HDPE gas pipe and PVC water pipe

**•** Multilayer-extruded barrier products are not new, so there exists a technology base

Geosynthetics as special functional materials have played very important roles in developing and improving the utilities of geotechnical, environmental, and transportation fields in recent times. Especially among them, woven and nonwoven geotextiles are widely used in 120 specific application areas as described earlier because of their various application functions, such as separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage functions, etc. (*Ingold, T. S., 1994*) Needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles for subgrade reinforcement do not have a great difference in mechanical properties between machine and cross directions due to the randomly entangled structure of staple fibers at any directions. In addition, nonwoven geotextiles have excellent drainage and filtration functions and pass the liquid and retain the soil on the upstream side for civil and geotechnical applications. (*Holtz, R. D. et al., 1997; Van Zanten, R. V., 1986*) Water permeability of nonwoven geotextiles is influenced by the entangled state of fibers, fiber composition, thickness, etc. For the case of fiber assemblies, such as nonwoven geotextiles, water permeability is influenced by the morphological structure of these in macroscopic viewpoints. In this study, laminar geotextile composites with different fiberpacking densities were made and the effects of laminar structures were examined on water permeability.
