**Author details**

Manonmani Samiappan and Poongothai Jayaramasamy\*

\*Address all correspondence to: poongothai\_jp@yahoo.co.in

PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India

#### **References**


fection treated concurrently with prulifloxacin and a phytotherapeutic agent. J Androl. 2012; 33(4): 615- 623.

[23] Eley A. How to detect *Chlamydia trachomatis* in males? J Androl. 2011; 32(1): 391- 401.

[7] Dohle GR, Veeze HJ, Overbeek SE, et al. The complex relationships between cystic fibrosis and congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: clinical, electrophysio‐

[8] Edwards RG, Bishop CE. On the origin and frequency of Y chromosome deletions re‐

[9] Gazvani R, Lewis-Jones DI. Cystic fibrosis mutation screening before assisted repro‐

[10] Díez-Sánchez C, Ruiz-Pesini E, Lapeña AC, et al. Mitochondrial DNA content of hu‐

[11] Singh K, Singh SK, Sah R, Singh I, Raman R. Mutation C677T in the methylenetetra‐ hydrofolate reductase gene is associated with male infertility in an Indian popula‐

[12] Franchimont P, Heynen G, Reginster M, Denis F. [Calcitonin: nature, secretion, mechanism, therapeutic possibilities]. Brux Med. 1973; 53:719–727 (French).

[13] Richens J. Main presentations of sexually transmitted infections in men. BMJ. 2004;

[14] World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 1992; 57: 1289–1293.

[15] Selevan SG, Borkovec L, Slott VL, et al. Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;

[16] Sokol RZ, Kraft P, Fowler IM, et al. Exposure to environmental ozone alters semen

[17] Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley IR. Male infertility and environmental exposure to lead

[18] Witkin SS. Production of interferon gamma by lymphocytes exposed to antibodycoated spermatozoa: A mechanism for sperm antibody production in females. Fertil

[19] Witkin SS, Chaudhry A. Circulating interferon-γ in women sensitized to sperm: new

[20] Comhaire F, Verschraegen G, Vermeulen L. Diagnosis of accessory gland infection

[21] La Vignera S, Vicari E, Condorelli RA, D'Agata R, Calogero AE. Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review). Int J Androl. 2011; 34: e330–e347. [22] Cai T, Wagenlehner FME, Mazzoli S, Meacci F, Mondaini N, Nesi G, Tiscione D, Ma‐ lossini G, Bartoletti R. Semen quality in patients with *Chlamydia trachomatis* genital in‐

logical and genetic data. Hum Reprod. 1999; 14: 371–374.

man spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 2003; 68: 180–185.

quality. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114: 360–365.

and calcium. Hum Reprod Update. 2000; 6: 107–121.

mechanisms of infertility. Fertil Steril. 1989; 52: 867–869.

and its possible role in male infertility. Int J Androl.1980; 3: 32–45.

duction. Int J Androl. 2004; 27: 1–4.

tion. Int J Androl. 2005; 28: 115–119.

328:1251–1253.

92 Genital Infections and Infertility

108: 887–894.

Steril. 1988; 50: 498–502.

sponsible for male infertility. Mol Hum Reprod. 1997; 3: 549–554.


[48] Manhart LE, Jensen JS, Bradshaw C, Golden MR, Martin D. Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for *Mycoplasma genitalium* infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015: 61(8):802-817.

[34] Trum JW, Ben W, Pannekoek Y, Spanjaard L, Wertheim P, Bleker P, Veen F. Value of detecting leukocytospermia in the diagnosis of genital tract infection in subfertile

[35] Boni C, Bertoletti A, Penna A, Cavalli A, Pilli M, Urbani S, Scognamiglio P, Boehme R, Panebianco R, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C. Lamivudine treatment can restore T cell re‐

[36] Lavanchy D, Kane M. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B

[37] Dejucq N, Je Gou B. Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on

[38] Judson FN. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted hepatitis B infections in heterosex‐

[39] Davidson AJ, Freeman SA, Crosier KE, Wood CR, Crosier PS. Expression of murine interleukin 11 and its receptor alphachan in adult and embryonic tissues. Stem Cells.

[40] Fagan EA, Alexander GJ, Davison F, Williams R. Persistence of free HBV DNA in body secretions and liver despite loss of serum HBV DNA after interferon-induced

[41] Hadchouel M, Scotto J, Huret JL, Molinie C, Villa E, Degos F, Brechot C. Presence of HBV DNA in spermatozoa: a possible vertical transmission of HBV via the germ line.

[42] Zhou XL, Sun PN, Huang TH, Xie QD, Kang XJ, Liu LM. Effects of hepatitis B virus S

[43] Freeman R, Hambling MH. Serological studies on 40 cases of mumps virus infection.

[44] Beard CM, Benson RC, Jr., Kelalis PP, Elveback LR, Kurland LT. The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974. Mayo Clin Proc.

[45] Casella R, Leibundgut B, Lehmann K, Gasser TC. Mumps orchitis: report of a mini-

[46] Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M. Genital *Chlamydia trachoma‐*

[47] Theunissen K, Hoebe C, Kok G, Crutzen R, Kara-Zaïtri C, Vries N, Bergen J, Hamil‐ ton R, Sande M, Dukers-Muijrers N. A web—based respondent driven sampling pi‐ lot targeting young people at risk for *Chlamydia trachomatis* in social and sexual networks with testing: a use evaluation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12:

protein on human sperm function. Hum Reprod. 2009; 24: 1575–1583.

sponsiveness in chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102(5): 968–975.

the reproductive system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001; 65(2): 208–231.

virus in human diseases. Mol Transl Med. 2016; 187–203.

uals: a review. Sex Transm. Dis. 1981; 8: 336–343.

seroconversion. J Med Virol. 1986; 20: 183–188.

1997; 15: 119–124.

94 Genital Infections and Infertility

J Med Virol. 1985; 16: 61–66.

J Clin Pathol. 1980; 33: 28–32.

epidemic. J Urol. 1997; 158: 2158–2161.

*tis*: an update. Indian J Med Res. 2013; 138(3): 303–316.

1977; 52: 3–7.

9889–9906.

men. Fertil Steril.1998; 70(2): 315–319.


**Individual Genital Tract Microorganisms**
