**7. Perspective**

regulates gene expression.

The role of sex steroid hormones in modulating cardiovascular function is of the highest importance, given that androgen deficiency is strongly associated with common medical conditions including metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, cardiovascular side effects of high doses of anabolic/androgen steroid reduce its actual therapeutic use. Research in this field is necessary to know the real cardiovascular effects of androgens and to elaborate future optimal therapeutic replacement protocols.
