**7. References**


1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD. The activation of vitamin D3 is also upregulated by PTH and downregulated by FGF23 (Shimada et al. 2004). Vitamin D3 deficiency develops very early in the course of CKD, especially in diabetic nephropathy, and is associated with the development of CVD or mortality in patients at the predialysis stage (Mehrotra et al. 2009).

Dopamine mediates renal phosphate excretion, which is affected by the function of renalase (Weinman et al. 2011). Chronic infusion of angiotensin II into rats was demonstrated to increase the expression of NaPi-IIa in PTC brush border membranes by posttranscriptional mechanisms (Xu et al. 2004). This increase of NaPi-IIa may be associated with an angiotensin II-mediated decrease in the expression of megalin that plays a role in endocytosis and the degradation of NaPi-IIa (Bachmann et al. 2004). Insulin may also be involved in regulating sodium-dependent phosphate transporters (Kunkler et al. 1991; Li et al. 1996). Glucocorticoids inhibit phosphate uptake in primary cultured rabbit PTCs via both nongenomic and genomic mechanisms (Park, Taub, and Han 2001). In addition, estrogen causes the PTH-independent downregulation of NaPi-IIa in PTCs (Faroqui et al. 2008).

There are a variety of hormonal actions and interactions involved in the regulation of important PTC functions such as receptor-mediated endocytosis and the reabsorption of sodium and phosphate. The impaired counterbalance of these hormones is likely to be associated with the development and/or progression of CKD. Elucidation of the mechanisms of such hormonal actions and interactions would therefore be of great benefit

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of

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**4.2.5 Other hormones** 

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**Part 9** 

**Estrogens and Endothelium** 

