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**24** 

**Nano-Particulate Calcium Phosphate** 

*Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research (HZI)* 

*3Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Bioengineering Department* 

*4Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology* 

*1Dept. of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research* 

Four decades ago, calcium phosphate systems were introduced for in-vitro gene delivery applications. Recently, many studies have been conducted regarding the different applications of these systems in delivering genes to different cell types for therapeutic purposes. Although there are important limitations of using calcium phosphates in gene delivery, there is a high interest in using this type of gene delivery system. This is because of the significant biocompatibility of calcium phosphates, easy synthesis methods of this system, and intrinsic characteristics of calcium phosphates that increase the transfection efficiency. The combination of these properties are rarely seen in other gene delivery

This chapter aims to localise calcium phosphate nanoparticles among the most common non-viral gene delivery systems. It also reviews the history of using calcium phosphates in gene delivery applications and the efforts made to make this system suitable for further

The application of non-viral systems increased considerably after it was shown that using viral systems can result in several problems including difficulty in production, limited opportunity for repeated administrations due to acute inflammatory response, and delayed humoral or cellular immune responses. Insertional mutagenesis is also a potential issue for

**1. Introduction** 

systems.

clinical applications.

**1.1 Non-viral gene delivery** 

**as a Gene Delivery System** 

Brigitta Loretz1 and Claus-Michael Lehr1,4

*2Biomaterials Group, Materials Engineering Department* 

Babak Mostaghaci1,2, Arash Hanifi3,

*Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan* 

*Saarland University, Saarbruecken* 

*Temple University, Philadelphia, PA* 

*Saarland University, Saarbruecken* 

1,4*Germany* <sup>2</sup>*Iran* <sup>3</sup>*USA*

