**7. References**


The mechanical agitation method discussed here led to a higher efficiency gene transfer, either in transfection using lipoplexes or transduction, than that of any current static transduction method. This method can potentially be applied to a variety of current transduction or transfection protocols with slight adjustments to the agitation time and speed. We believe that this protocol will contribute to various *ex vivo* gene therapies and *in* 

This Research was supported by the grant of Rural development administration, South Korea.

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**6. Acknowledgement** 

**7. References** 

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**6** 

Liting Song

*Canada* 

*Hope Biomedical Research, Toronto, Ontario* 

**Gene Therapy of Some Genetic Diseases by** 

**Somatic Cells and Stem Cells from Patients** 

**Transferring Normal Human Genomic DNA into** 

Gene therapy is a way to correct mutated genes in vivo by transferring normal genes into cells of patients with genetic diseases or cancers, or to introduce new genes into cells to express therapeutic proteins. Several viruses like adenoviruses (Nayak & Herzog, 2010; Raper et al., 2003), alphaviruses (Lundstrom, 2001, 2005), retroviruses (Aiuti et al., 2009; Bordignon et al., 1989, 1995; Cavazzana-Calvo et al., 2000; Ferrari et al., 1991; Halatsch et al.,

2010), adeno-associated viruses (AAV) (Jayandharan et al., 2011; Nayak & Herzog, 2010; Terzi & Zachariou, 2008), herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-I) (Epstein, 2009), have been used as vectors to deliver normal genes into cells of patients for gene therapy. However, there were limitations and hurdles in using these vectors. Some viruses like retroviruses, lentiviruses might integrate into human genomic DNA and cause cancers (Dave et al., 2004; Du et al., 2005; Hacein-Bey-Abina et al., 2003a, 2003b; Z. Li et al., 2002; Modlich et al., 2005; Seggewiss et al., 2006). Most viruses can infect both normal cells and defective/cancer cells of patients, as long as the cells have receptors of the viruses (Antar et al., 2009; K. Holmes et al., 1997; Norkin, 1995; L. Song, 2010; L. Song et al., 2009; van den Wollenberg et al., 2008; van Houdt et al., 2008), and this might lead to serious infections, inflammatory responses,

**1.2 Highly pathogenic (virulent) viruses, moderately pathogenic viruses, and lowly or** 

Some viruses like rabies virus, Lassa fever virus, smallpox virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, and human immunodeficiency virus are highly pathogenic and dangerous; they can cause very severe to fatal diseases in humans. For example, 399 patients had Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola in 2005, and 335 of them dead of the fatal disease. The human fatality rate of Ebola virus infection ranged from 50% to 89% (Balter, 2000; Peters, 2005; Rouquet et al., 2005; L. Song & Chen 1995, 1996; Virgin, 2007). Some viruses like some serotypes of seadornavirus isolated from mosquitoes in China have moderate pathogenicity, and they can cause clinical and subclinical infections.

2000), lentiviruses (Dupré et al., 2004; Mortellaro et al., 2006; Nayak & Herzog,

and immunological reactions (Nayak & Herzog, 2010).

**mildly pathogenic viruses** 

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 Viral vectors for gene therapy** 

