**6.1.3.3 Morphology**

Figure 10 presents transmission electronic microscope images of the liposomes under various shear treatments compared to control (Bangham's method).

Fig. 10. Transmission electronic microscopy of liposomes obtained using (A) Bangham's method followed by extrusion in membranes, (B) ultra-turrax under a shear rate of 21430 s-1, (C) microchannel microfluidizer under a shear rate 6 961 000 s-1. Bars :200nm

Technological Aspects of Scalable Processes for the

**7. Conclusions** 

down and bottom-up processes.

**8. Acknowledgment** 

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Production of Functional Liposomes for Gene Therapy 287

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Under low shear, the liposome surface looks thicker (Figure 10A), whereas it looks more packed with ultra-turrax treatment (Figure 10B). However, in both cases the liposome morphology is spherical. Under the highest shear, the morphology of the liposomes was not spherical, and irregularities in the surface reflect stretching of the aggregated structure (Figure 8C). These results reflect the observed change in packing and zeta potential as a consequence of the shear rate.
