**Soybean Cyst Nematode (***Heterodera glycines* **Ichinohe)**

Qing Yu

*Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Agriculture and Agric-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada* 

#### **1. Introduction**

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Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (*Heterodera glycines* Ichinohe) is the most serious nematode pest on soybean in the world, infests most of the soybean producing countries of the world with the exception of west European countries and Oceania countries and causes up to 1.5 billions US\$ economical loss according to some estimates (Wrather et al., 2001). The cyst nematode is also an international quarantined pest. Although it was first discovered and described in Japan in 1952, it is now widely believed originated in China as its host soybean was. In America, since the first report in North Carolina, USA in 1955, it has spread to 26 out of 28 soybean producing states, to the province of Ontario, Canada, and to the soybean producing countries of South America. Race of the nematode was recognized in 1954, and a total of 14 races were reported and widely distributed, especially in the USA, which has created a series of problems for developing resistant cultivars. As the climate change intensifies, it is likely that this nematode pest is going to spread to new soybean producing areas. Many resistant cultivars have been developed, especially in USA where resistant cultivars were developed using resistant parents selected from resistant plant introductions (PI) of the exotic accessions in the USDA soybean germplasm collection. These resistant PIs were collected from the oriental countries. Since the 80s, international seed companies like Pioneer, and Monsanto have been the driving force for the resistant cultivar development and marketing. SCN resistant cultivars alone used to be the solution for the control of the nematode pest for soybean production in USA. Because of the new emerging races and the shifting between existing races, resistant cultivars in many cases lose their usefulness dramatically. With the new realization that the agriculture biodiversity plays an essential role for pest management, new control methods have been developed and tested such as rotating with nonhost crops, planting multiline cultivars mixtures, using biological control agents, and applying green manure. There are a lot of literatures related with SCN, one book by Schmitt et al, 2004, and a review by Noel 1993 nevertheless are the excellent sources of information. A few non scientific aspects are also used for the synthesis of this paper. China, where the nematode is believed originated, becomes economically integrated into the world system at a pace never seen before. Soybeans there as a crop are shifting from vegetable to pulse, and to oil seeds. Soybean seeds are increasingly produced, controlled and marketed by a few international companies, as the result, fewer cultivars (more monocultures) are planted at a given year compared with the time when farmers used to get their seeds from all sorts of channels, and productions are in large scales. The climate change, especially the global warming caused by human activities is inevitably impacting the soybean production, and the soybean cyst nematode.
