**5. Distribution**

It is impossible to know exactly the source(s) of infestation of the nematode species. More and more people believe that *H. glycines* is very likely a native of China, for two compelling evidences: 1. One of the most important hosts for the nematode the soybean originated (domesticated 5,000 years ago, the early stage of the Chinese civilization) (Qiu et al., 2011, Liu et al., 1997) in China, and 2. Most of the resistant cultivars used today have their roots in cultivars from China (Bernard et al., 1988). Probably the spreading and the pathway of the nematode followed footsteps of its host soybean (Fig. 3). The soybean was introduced to Japan, Korea around 300 AD, the nematode was discovered in 1915 (Hori), and later was described by Ichinohe in 1952 with the type locality in Hokkaido. It was first found in the United States in 1954 (Winstead et al., 1955) and spread with the expansion of soybean growing areas such as in Canada (Anderson et al., 1988). The nematode was also found in Colombia in the 1980s, and more recently in the major soybean producing areas in Argentina and Brazil (Mendes & Dickson 1992). SCN has also been reported from Iran and Italy (Fig. 3).

**Africa**: Egypt (unconfirmed)

**Asia:** China (Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong), Indonesia (Java), Korean peninsula, Japan, Taiwan (unconfirmed), Russia (Amur District in the Far East).

**North America:** Canada (Ontario), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin).

**South America:** Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador.

Fig. 3. Distrubition map of *Heterodera glycines* in the World.
