**2.5 Applications**

Chelators are used in chemical analysis as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products such as shampoos and food preservatives. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. A common synthetic chelator is EDTA. Phosphona are also well known chelating agents. Chelators are used in water treatment programs and specifically in steam engineering, e.g., boiler water treatment system.

Chelation therapy is the use of chelating agents to detoxify poisonous metal agents such as mercury, arsenic, and lead by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted without further interaction with the body, and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1991. In alternative medicine, chelation is used as a treatment for autism, though this practice is controversial due to an absence of scientific plausibility, lack of FDA approval, and its potentially deadly side-effects. (Doja & Can, 2006).

Though they can be beneficial in cases of heavy metal poisoning, chelating agents can also be dangerous. The U.S. CDC reports that use of disodium EDTA instead of calcium EDTA has resulted in fatalities due to hypocalcemia. (U. S. Center for Disease Control)

Homogeneous catalysts are often chelated complexes. A typical example is the ruthenium (II) chloride chelated with BINAP (a bidentate phosphine) used in e.g. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric isomerization. The latter has the practical use of manufacture of synthetic mentol.

Products such as Evapo-Rust are chelating agents sold for the removal of rust from iron and steel.

### **2.6 Chemical composition of the soybean seed**

Together, oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ.

Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as tofu, soy milk and textured vegetable protein (soy flour) to be made.

The principal soluble carbohydrates of mature soybeans are the disaccharide sucrose (range 2.5–8.2%), the trisaccharide raffinose (0.1–1.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of galactose, and the tetrasaccharide stachyose (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose. While the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soy bean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars and therefore contribute to flatulence and abdominal discomfort in humans and other monogastric animals; compare to the disaccharide trehalose.

In earth science, chemical weathering is attributed to organic chelating agents, *e.g.* peptides and sugars that extract metal ions from minerals and rocks. (Michael) Most metal complexes in the environment and in nature are bound in some form of chelate ring, *e.g.* with a humic acid or a protein. Thus, metal chelates are relevant to the mobilization of metals in the soil, the uptake and the accumulation of metals into plants and micro-organisms. Selective chelating of heavy metals is relevant to bioremediation *e.g.* removal of 137Cs from radioactive

Chelators are used in chemical analysis as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products such as shampoos and food preservatives. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. A common synthetic chelator is EDTA. Phosphona are also well known chelating agents. Chelators are used in water treatment programs and

Chelation therapy is the use of chelating agents to detoxify poisonous metal agents such as mercury, arsenic, and lead by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted without further interaction with the body, and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1991. In alternative medicine, chelation is used as a treatment for autism, though this practice is controversial due to an absence of scientific plausibility, lack

Though they can be beneficial in cases of heavy metal poisoning, chelating agents can also be dangerous. The U.S. CDC reports that use of disodium EDTA instead of calcium EDTA

Homogeneous catalysts are often chelated complexes. A typical example is the ruthenium (II) chloride chelated with BINAP (a bidentate phosphine) used in e.g. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric isomerization. The latter has the practical use of

Products such as Evapo-Rust are chelating agents sold for the removal of rust from iron and

Together, oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2%

Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as tofu, soy milk and textured

The principal soluble carbohydrates of mature soybeans are the disaccharide sucrose (range 2.5–8.2%), the trisaccharide raffinose (0.1–1.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of galactose, and the tetrasaccharide stachyose (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose. While the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soy bean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars and therefore contribute to flatulence and abdominal discomfort in humans and other

specifically in steam engineering, e.g., boiler water treatment system.

of FDA approval, and its potentially deadly side-effects. (Doja & Can, 2006).

has resulted in fatalities due to hypocalcemia. (U. S. Center for Disease Control)

waste. (Prasad, 2001)

manufacture of synthetic mentol.

hypocotyl axis or germ.

**2.6 Chemical composition of the soybean seed** 

monogastric animals; compare to the disaccharide trehalose.

vegetable protein (soy flour) to be made.

steel.

**2.5 Applications** 

Since soluble soy carbohydrates are found in the whey and are broken down during fermentation, soy concentrate, soy protein isolates, tofu, soy sauce, and sprouted soy beans are without flatus activity. On the other hand, there may be some beneficial effects to ingesting oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, namely, encouraging indigenous bifidobacteria in the colon against putrefactive bacteria.

The insoluble carbohydrates in soybeans consist of the complex polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. The majority of soybean carbohydrates can be classed as belonging to dietary fiber.

The following Table 1 shows the composition of mature, raw soybean seeds.


Source: USDA Nutrient database.

Table 1. Composition of soybean, mature, rawNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

#### **2.7 How soybeans are used**

When the farmer sells soybeans to a grain dealer, the beans may then go to a number of ultimate destinations. When processed, a 60-pound bushel will yield about 11 pounds of crude soybean oil and 47 pounds of soybean meal. Soybeans are about 18% oil and 38% protein. Because soybeans are high in protein, they are a major ingredient in livestock feed. Most soybeans are processed for their oil and protein for the animal feed industry. A smaller percentage is processed for human consumption and made into products including soy milk, soy flour, soy protein, tofu and many retail food products. Soybeans are also used in many non-food (industrial) products.

Fuel for diesel engines can be produced from soybean oil with simple processing. Soy biodiesel is cleaner burning than petroleum-based diesel oil. Its use reduces particulate emissions, and it is non-toxic, renewable and environmentally friendly. Soy crayons made by the Dixon Ticonderoga Company replace the petroleum used in regular crayons with soy oil making them non-toxic and safer for children. Candles made with soybean oil burn longer but with less smoke and soot.

Soy oil produces an environmentally friendly solvent that safely and rapidly removes oil from creeks, streams and shorelines without harming people, animals, and the environment. Soy is an ingredient in many industrial lubricants, solvents, cleaners, and paints. Soy ink is superior to petroleum-based inks because soy ink is not toxic, is renewable and also environmentally friendly. Furthermore, it cleans up easily. Soy-based lubricants are as good as petroleum-based lubricants, but can withstand higher heat. More importantly, they are non-toxic, renewable and environmentally friendly. Soy-based hydraulic fluid and rail flange lubricants are among the more recent products developed with check-off funds.

Soy-based foams are currently being developed for use in coolers, refrigerators, automotive interiors and even footwear. Beginning in October 2007, Ford Mustangs rolled off the production line with soy flexible foam in the seats. (2009 Annual Report of the North Carolina Soybean Producers Association)
