**10. Mineral nutrition in function of diseases and pest control**

To control diseases and pest the farmers have several options as follows: genetics (cultivation of less susceptible or even resistant to diseases and pest), biological control (utilization of predators), chemical control (using correspondingly pesticides), plant and soil management practices (creating optimal growth conditions of the cultivated crops and /or to eradicate those conditions, which are favorable for multiplication of diseases and pest) and plant nutrition.

Nutrition of plant has a substantial impact on the predisposition of plants to be attacked or affected by diseases and pests. The ratio between nitrogen and potassium plays obviously a particular role in the host/pathogen relationship. However, unbalanced fertilization is wead spread Developing countries apply nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers at a ratio of 1: 0.2, the situation in developed countries is slightly better with a NK ratio of 1:0.4 (Krauss, 2001).

Generally, potassium tends to improve plant health (Perrenoud, 1990).

Useof potassium decreased the incidence of fungal diseases in 70% of the cases. Simultaneously, K increased yield of plants infested with fungal diseases by 42% (Perrenoud, 1990). Mondal et al. (2001) found a negative correlation between K contents in soybean with incidence and positive correlation with their respective yield.

Insects activately select plants best suited as a food source by, among other factors, appearance, stage of development and composition oft he plant. A precondition for successful infestation is the coincidence of certain developmental stages of both host and pathogen. The use of fertilizers can affect this coincidence by either accelerating or slowing down the development of the host plant relative to that of pathogen. A good example is the control of stem cancer (*Diaporthe phaseolorum*) in soybean by potash use, because the fungus can attack soybean only at a particular phenological stage. Earliness due to balanced fertilization provides the possibility to escape (Ito et al., 2001).

Rodrigues et al., (2009) found that spraying of soybean by potassium silicate (Psi) solutinon reduced the intensity of soybean rust. Soybean rust severity at the highest applied KSi rate in level 60 g/L (pH 5.5) was 70% less than the control (plant spraying with water). This finding may be valuable in areas where soybean is grown as a monoculture, and where high yielding but susceptible cultivars cannot be grown because of occurence of frequent severe epidemics. However, Duarte (2009) reported that there was no effects of KSi on rust control in susceptible soybean cultivar *Monarca*.

#### **11. References**


to eradicate those conditions, which are favorable for multiplication of diseases and pest)

Nutrition of plant has a substantial impact on the predisposition of plants to be attacked or affected by diseases and pests. The ratio between nitrogen and potassium plays obviously a particular role in the host/pathogen relationship. However, unbalanced fertilization is wead spread Developing countries apply nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers at a ratio of 1: 0.2, the situation in developed countries is slightly better with a NK ratio of 1:0.4 (Krauss, 2001).

Useof potassium decreased the incidence of fungal diseases in 70% of the cases. Simultaneously, K increased yield of plants infested with fungal diseases by 42% (Perrenoud, 1990). Mondal et al. (2001) found a negative correlation between K contents in

Insects activately select plants best suited as a food source by, among other factors, appearance, stage of development and composition oft he plant. A precondition for successful infestation is the coincidence of certain developmental stages of both host and pathogen. The use of fertilizers can affect this coincidence by either accelerating or slowing down the development of the host plant relative to that of pathogen. A good example is the control of stem cancer (*Diaporthe phaseolorum*) in soybean by potash use, because the fungus can attack soybean only at a particular phenological stage. Earliness due to balanced

Rodrigues et al., (2009) found that spraying of soybean by potassium silicate (Psi) solutinon reduced the intensity of soybean rust. Soybean rust severity at the highest applied KSi rate in level 60 g/L (pH 5.5) was 70% less than the control (plant spraying with water). This finding may be valuable in areas where soybean is grown as a monoculture, and where high yielding but susceptible cultivars cannot be grown because of occurence of frequent severe epidemics. However, Duarte (2009) reported that there was no effects of KSi on rust control

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