**6. References**

270 Soybean Physiology and Biochemistry

It was detected in the two soybean cultivars used on this study that Cruiser induced more development of the embryonic axis in presence of aluminum, salinity and water deficit, the

The present results suggest it can be considered that Cruiser reduces the negative effects of

ROS generation during germination and root growth is generally accepted as an active physiological process, controlled in plant development (Chen & Schopfer, 1999; Schopfer et al., 2001), whose basal production is increased during conditions of biotic and abiotic stresses. POD activity results indicate that Cruiser promotes this enzyme activity under stressful conditions, but has no effect on SOD activity during soybean germination under the same

According to Passardi et al. (2004), the peroxidases can be considered as bifunctional enzymes that can oxidize many substrates in H2O2 presence, but also produce ROS. They can promote cell elongation by ROS generation, or are involved in regulating H2O2

Lin & Kao (2001) suggested that elevated production of H2O2 in rice roots during osmotic stress is probably involved in cell wall stiffening catalyzed by peroxidase, as explanation for the reduction of root growth. It was also suggested that the increase of peroxidase activity in situations of salinity and water stress induced inhibition of growth (Bacon et al. 1997; Lin &

The peroxidases can also participate in the lignification of new xylem elements in the embryo, hypocotyl, radicle and the hydroxyl radical (•OH) produced by its action could help on the break of seed tegument and subsequent cell elongation (Passardi et al., 2004). Amaya et al. (1999), related that the increase on expression of peroxidase associated with cell wall caused higher rates of germination on tobacco seeds, for providing water retention

Looking at the results of Cruiser's action on the induction of POD activity and compare it with the results of germination determined in the same periods of imbibition and stressful situations, can be generally considered that the increases in germination are related to

a) consumption of ROS originated in stressful situations, thereby preventing the damage

b) increased production of ROS, arising in situations of stress and for Cruiser's action, which would cause the stimulation of cell elongation, promoting greater radicle development. As Cruiser had no effect on SOD activity, future work should be focused on investigating the action of the insecticide on other enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and lipoxygenase, participants of the enzymatic complex involved in protection against the oxidative stress triggered by the presence of aluminum, salinity and water deficit. It would also be of interest to investigate the action of Cruiser on activity of peroxidase associated with the cell wall, whereas in this study was determined only the total

• accelerates the germination during the process of imbibition, and the effect is more

effect being less evident with increasing of stress intensity.

stressful situations studied on germination of soybean seeds.

concentration, whose reactions cause restriction of growth.

under conditions of osmotic stress induced by NaCl.

pronounced at twice recommended level.

increased activity of POD, which had one of two consequences:

caused by these molecules on the cell components and their metabolism or

Cruiser used in the treatment of soybean seeds cultivars BRS 133 and Pintado:

conditions.

Kao, 2001).

peroxidase.

**5. Conclusions** 


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