**5. Conclusion**

Soybean oil and soybean biodiesel can be added to diesel fuel to be burned in combustion engines. These compounds have an oxygenate capacity that is useful to improve engine performance, but this ability only gives you an edge when the mix ratio is 5% for vegetable oil and 10% for biodiesel. The gains made in reducing the SFC using the oxygenating additives affect about 2% in the case of 5% soybean oil blended with diesel and about 4.5% for 10% soybean biodiesel blended with diesel. Using a larger proportion of mixture generates increases in SFC by 9% on average when pure biodiesel is used, and 3% when mixture of 20% soybean oil is used.

The emission of NO and NOx increases with the addition of oxygenated components (vegetable oil and biodiesel). The use of 20% soybean oil blended with diesel (O20) increases

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 319

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the NO emission by 30%. But the use of pure soybean biodiesel (B100) promotes an increase in NO emission by 28%.

The addition of soybean oil in diesel reduces emissions of CO only for mixtures of up to 5% soybean oil. In the case of biodiesel addition in diesel, CO emissions decrease with the mixture reaching a 21% reduction, when pure soybean biodiesel (B100) is used.

The addition of soybean oil and soybean biodiesel in diesel increases the emission of CO2 which however is compensated by the absorption of CO2 by the plants (raw material for production of vegetable oil and biodiesel).

The addition of soybean oil and soybean biodiesel in diesel reduces the sulfur content in fuel and consequently reduces the emission of sulfur dioxide.

Soybean oil can be successfully applied in CI engine blending with diesel up to 20% of soybean oil. Soybean oil can also be converted in biodiesel and applied in CI engines neat or blended with diesel in any proportion. Concerning the exhaust emissions it is better use soybean biodiesel or blends of soybean biodesel with diesel instead of blends of soybeans oil with diesel.

The possibility of using soybean oil in power generation, leads to the concept of energy farms soybeans that can be an opportunity for farmers who can not meet the quality standards required for selling the soybeans to food industry.

#### **6. Acknowledgment**

The authors are grateful to the National Research Council of Brazil, CNPq, for the financial support received.

#### **7. References**


the NO emission by 30%. But the use of pure soybean biodiesel (B100) promotes an increase

The addition of soybean oil in diesel reduces emissions of CO only for mixtures of up to 5% soybean oil. In the case of biodiesel addition in diesel, CO emissions decrease with the

The addition of soybean oil and soybean biodiesel in diesel increases the emission of CO2 which however is compensated by the absorption of CO2 by the plants (raw material for

The addition of soybean oil and soybean biodiesel in diesel reduces the sulfur content in fuel

Soybean oil can be successfully applied in CI engine blending with diesel up to 20% of soybean oil. Soybean oil can also be converted in biodiesel and applied in CI engines neat or blended with diesel in any proportion. Concerning the exhaust emissions it is better use soybean biodiesel or blends of soybean biodesel with diesel instead of blends of soybeans oil

The possibility of using soybean oil in power generation, leads to the concept of energy farms soybeans that can be an opportunity for farmers who can not meet the quality

The authors are grateful to the National Research Council of Brazil, CNPq, for the financial

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mixture reaching a 21% reduction, when pure soybean biodiesel (B100) is used.

in NO emission by 28%.

with diesel.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

0196-8904

Asia, ISSN 0306-2619

support received.

**7. References** 

production of vegetable oil and biodiesel).

and consequently reduces the emission of sulfur dioxide.

standards required for selling the soybeans to food industry.

Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil, December 2010


**16** 

*Italy* 

**Soybean Oil De-Acidification as a First Step** 

According to the predictive studies of the World Energy Outlook 2009, the global demand of energy is expected to increase till 2030 of about 1.5 percentage points per year. Fossil fuels are expected to remain the main energy source in the world, but in the meantime renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, bioenergy) will be characterized by a rapid growing rate. Their use and development is strongly encouraged by most of the recent regulations. For instance, as reported by the European Environment Agency Transport (EEA), 2009, the European Union required in the same year to achieve by 2020 at least 10% of mixture of hydrocarbons from renewable and conventional sources for what concerns the energy employed for the transports. In addition, the increase in oil price and the growing interest in environmental issues have recently given a considerable impetus to the research

for cleaner and renewable energy sources, in order to ensure a sustainable future.

vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines."



three main routes to BD production from oils and fats:



many different reasons:

of side reactions;

Biodiesel (BD) is a renewable energy source in liquid form that has many advantages over normal diesel, including lower emissions of gases harmful to humans and environment. The UE directive 2003/30/EC, defines the Biodiesel as "a methyl ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel". Moreover, the National Biodiesel Board (NBB), 1996, responsable for biodiesel ASTM standards, define biodiesel as "the mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock's, such as

The processes for BD production are well known. According to the NBB, 2007, there are

At the present BD is mainly produced through the base-catalyzed transesterification for


**1. Introduction** 

**Towards Biodiesel Production** 

*Università degli Studi di Milano – Dipartimento di Chimica* 

A. Di Fronzo, V. Ragaini and C.L. Bianchi

C. Pirola, D.C. Boffito, G. Carvoli,

*Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Milano* 

*Sustainable Energy Reviews*, Vol. 14, Issue 9, (December 2010), pp. 2748-2759, ISSN 1364-0321

