Morio Matsuzaki

*National Agricultural Reseach Center (NARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Japan* 

### **1. Introduction**

250 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

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In the cultivation of soybean, it is necessary to pay attention to nitrogen absorption and soil organism. Nitrogen of 11 - 31kg (an average of 16 kg) is necessary to produce soybean grains of 200 kg (Salvagiotti et al., 2008) because soybean has high grain protein content. Soybean and rhizobia (*Bradyrhizobium japonicum*) form symbiosis for N2 fixation (Gray & Smith, 2005). Soybean N2 fixation is approximately half of the soybean nitrogen uptake (Salvagiotti et al., 2008), and soybean absorbs the other half from fertilizer or soil. If there is much inorganic nitrogen in soil, the N2 fixation is suppressed (Ray et al., 2006), and the amount of fertilizer application for soybean is a little. Therefore, soybean yield probably depends on the quantity of soil organic nitrogen which is mineralized during crops growing period. This means nitrogen which a soil microbe holds, and it is called "biomass nitrogen" (Jenkinson & Parry, 1989).

Soybean is influenced by a biologic factor. Soybean forms symbiosis not only rhizobia but also arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Antunes et al., 2006; Troeh & Loynachan, 2003). The biologic factors such as nematodes, soil-borne diseases become the problem in soybean. In continuous cropping of soybean, soybean cyst nematode (SCN : *Heterodera glycines*) reduce soybean yield approximately 30% (Donald et al., 2006). Sudden death syndrome (SDS) due to the coinfection of SCN and *Fusarium solani* becomes the problem in U.S.A. (Rupe et al., 1997; Xing & Westphal, 2009).

Soybean secretes flavonoids such as daidzein or genistein, and they are key signal compounds for control of symbiosis with rhizobia and AM fungi (Antunes et al., 2006). Glycinoeclepin which kidney beans (*Phaseolus vulgaris*) secrete promotes the hatching of the SCN (Kushida et al., 2002). Crops influence soil organism by various compounds to secrete from root (Faure et al., 2009). Therefore, the growth and yield of soybean are probably influenced by the preceding crop. In soybean, yield decrease is remarkable by continuous cropping (Matsuda et al., 1980; Matsuguchi & Nitta, 1988).

The continuous cropping experiment with five crops including soybean was conducted in northern Japanese Hokkaido for 16 years (Memuro continuous cropping experiment). Organic matter application and soil fumigation were conducted in the experiment. Soybean continuous cropping will influence soil microbe (Kageyama et al., 1982; Matsuguchi & Nitta, 1988). Soil biomass nitrogen increases by organic matter application (Sakamoto & Oba, 1993). Soil fumigation promotes mineralization of soil nitrogen and suppresses nitrification

Farming System and Management 253

The time course changes of egg density of SCN were showed in Fig. 2A. Closed symbols showed the value of rotation plot, and open symbols showed that of continuous cropping plots. The nematode susceptibility cultivar "Kitami-shiro" was used from 1980 to 1991, and nematode-resistant cultivar "Toyo-musume" was used from 1992. D-D was applied from 1990. In the continuous cropping plots, the egg density of SCN tended to decrease from 1985. Thereafter, the egg density in the rotation plot was higher than that in the continuous

<sup>A</sup> Kitami-shiro

**2.2 The effect of continuous cropping to soybean cyst nematode (SCN)** 

○ : C0, M15, M30, M50, □ : B15, B30, B50, △ : F0, F15, F30, ● : R.

The unit of the egg density of SCN is number / g dry soil. Fig. 2. The time course changes of egg density of SCN.

Graph B: The changes of plots in which the egg density peaked at 1981. Graph C: The changes of plots in which the egg density peaked at 1984.

Graph A: The changes of all plots.

B

C

The egg density of SCN

1980 1985 1990 1995 Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 Year

Toyomusume

D-D

The egg density of SCN

The egg density of SCN

cropping plots.

(Neve et al., 2004). Soil fumigation sterilizes Fungus (Asano et al., 1983) and nematodes. This experiment is a good example to study the influence of the soil microbe on soybean. About a subject picked up in this experiment, the knowledge of past were surveyed.


\* The application rate of organic matter is expressed in t/ha. Soil fumigation (D-D) was applied from 1990 to 1995.

Table 1. Treatments in Memuro continuous cropping experiments.

The cropping sequence of rotation plot is sugar beet – Potato - Adzuki bean - Spring wheat - Soybean. Fig. 1. The treatment plots in Memuro continuous cropping experiment.
