**3. Soybean products for poultry and swine nutrition**

#### **3.1 Soybean meal and full fat soybean**

Soybean meal is the most popular source of supplemental protein in livestock feeds (Table 3). That popularity derives from its nutrient content, its relative freedom from intractable antinutritional factors, and other issues (Pettigrew et al.2002).

Many studies are conducted comparing the inclusion of soybean meal with other soy products or other protein source, and where the animals fed soybean meal has a better perform in most cases. In general, full-fat soybeans may replace soybean meal in swine and poultry diets with similar performance anticipated. The decision on which soybean product to use needs to be based on the product's composition, availability and unit costs. Bertol et al. (2001) observed that substitution of 50% of soybean meal by full-fat extruded soybeans, texturized soybean protein and concentrated soybean protein in the weaning diet, promoted better performance, with additional 1 to 2 kg of body weight gains per piglet at the end of the nursery phase.


\* Soy Stats (2010)

184 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

lipoxygenase activity of seeds decreased during storage whereas non-protein nitrogen (NPN), extent of browning, free fatty acid (FFA) content and peroxide value are increased. According Cromwell et al. (2002) the rate and efficiency of weight gain, scanned backfat and longissimus area, and calculated carcass lean percentage were not different (P > 0.05) for pigs fed diets containing conventional or genetically modified, herbicide (glyphosate) tolerant soybean. For poultry, Taylor et al. (2007) concluded that the diets containing soybean meal produced from genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant were nutritionally equivalent to diets containing soybean meal produced from the control and

Other genetically modified soybeans were study for Palacios et al. (2004) that compared the growth performance of chicks and pigs fed diets containing modified soybeans: Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free (KF), lectin-free (LF), lectin and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free (LFKF), conventional soybeans (CSB), and commercially obtained, dehulled, solventextracted soybean meal (SBM). They verify that Chicks fed diets containing any of the raw soybean varieties gained less weight than did chicks and among the raw soybean treatments, there was a greater effect on growth performance by removing both lectins and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (LFKF), than by removing each antinutritional factor separately. Feeding raw soybeans to chicks decreased average daily gain (ADG) by 49% for CSB, 37% for KF, 38% for LF, and 27% for LFKF compared with the ADG achieved by chicks fed SBM. For to pigs deprecreased ADG by 78% for CSB, 60% for LF, and 35% for LFKF compared with the ADG achieved by pigs fed the same variety but extruded. This results and others (Brune et al., 2010; Becker-Ritt et al., 2004; Vasconcelos et al., 1997) prove that variability in the amounts of these components (proteases inhibitors and

As observed, there seems great potential for reduction in content of anti-nutrients within GM soybeans, as studies have shown that the isogenic variant lacking the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and other soybean variants low in Kunitz trypsin inhibitor are nutritionally superior to conventional raw soybeans but not as good as commercial soybean meal. Others genetic improvements in reducing the phytate-bound phosphorous, and reduction or elimination of oligosaccharide carbohydrates are the most important economical traits that

Soybean meal is the most popular source of supplemental protein in livestock feeds (Table 3). That popularity derives from its nutrient content, its relative freedom from

Many studies are conducted comparing the inclusion of soybean meal with other soy products or other protein source, and where the animals fed soybean meal has a better perform in most cases. In general, full-fat soybeans may replace soybean meal in swine and poultry diets with similar performance anticipated. The decision on which soybean product to use needs to be based on the product's composition, availability and unit costs. Bertol et al. (2001) observed that substitution of 50% of soybean meal by full-fat extruded soybeans, texturized soybean protein and concentrated soybean protein in the weaning diet, promoted better performance, with additional 1 to 2 kg of body weight gains per piglet at the end of

conventional reference soybean varieties when fed to broilers.

lectins) can be affect by cultivars differences.

**3.1 Soybean meal and full fat soybean** 

**3. Soybean products for poultry and swine nutrition** 

intractable antinutritional factors, and other issues (Pettigrew et al.2002).

are being researched

the nursery phase.

Table 3. World Protein Meal Consumption\*.

Micronizing is the name given to a cooking process that uses infrared rays to cook cereals and pulses at lower temperatures and for shorter times than other heating methods. Gas burners are used to generate the infrared rays that are absorbed by the products. The raw materials are passed under the burners on variable speed belts to achieve the desired level of "cook". The product is then passed through a roller mill to create flakes. These flakes can be used whole or ground into a meal (MMfeeds). The increase available energy and improve digestibility are both achieve due to the gelatinisation of starch molecules during the cooking process. Trindade Neto et al. (2002) observed that pigs fed micronized soybean takes more days to reach 50 and 90 kg of body weight when compared with those fed soybean meal.

#### **3.2 Soybean hulls**

Soybean hulls, due to their high fiber contents, are known to be poorly digested by nonruminant animals. Recent studies, however, suggest that the hulls have potential as an alternative feed ingredient for swine and poultry. The soybean hulls can be included up to 10 and 12% for growing or finishing pig diets, respectively, replacing the wheat bran on a weight basis without any adverse effects on palatability of diets and animal performances (Chee et al., 2005). However, Moreira et al. (2009) not recommend the use of soybean hulls to piglets due reducing daily feed intake and daily weight gain for the animals fed feed containing soybean hull (15% inclusion in the diet) compared to the control feed without soybean hull.

Esonu et al. (2005) studing laying hens, found that inclusion of up to 20% soybean hulls, improves the Feed cost/dozen eggs, and when cellulolytic enzyme supplementation at 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal in layer diet could not significantly affect the performance of laying hens.

Currently, it is very common the use of soybean hulls in programmers of feed restriction and welfare of breeders and laying hens.

#### **3.3 Soy protein isolates**

Soybean protein concentrate (or soy protein concentrate) is the product obtained by removing most of the oil and water-soluble non-protein constituents from selected, sound, cleaned, dehulled soybeans. The traded product among 650 to 900 g/kg CP on a moisturefree basis. Soybean protein isolate (or soy protein isolate) is the dried product obtained by

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removing most of the non-protein constituents from selected, sound, cleaned, dehulled soybeans. Both soy protein concentrate and isolate have the potential to be used in poultry diets as a source of protein and AA (Blair, 2008). In Table 4 are showed broilers performance when feed with different soybean products in diets.


Batal Parson (2003)

Table 4. Effect of protein sources on weight gain of chicks(week 0-3).
