**5. References**


removing most of the non-protein constituents from selected, sound, cleaned, dehulled soybeans. Both soy protein concentrate and isolate have the potential to be used in poultry diets as a source of protein and AA (Blair, 2008). In Table 4 are showed broilers performance

Soy oil has found many food uses due to its excellent nutritional qualities, widespread availability, economic value and wide-use functionality. Soy oil is a highly concentrated

Gaiotto et al. (2000) evaluated performance of broilers fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2), and confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1

For laying hens Costa et al. (2008) evaluated soy and canola oil, and they observed better results for those characteristics were obtained as soybean oil increased. However, the egg mass conversion was negatively influenced by increase of canola oil. The addition of

For swine, Mascarenhas et al. (2002) evaluated the effects from two lipid sources (soybean oil and coconut oil) on performance from 60 to 100 kg boars and they observed that diets

The benefits of the use of soybean and soybean products can be observed in the nutrition of poultry and swine, but it is very important to know the factors that affect the composition of the same ingredients for that may be included in adequate amounts without reducing

ABIOVE. (Dez 2010). Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries. In : *About ABIOVE*.

Afinah, S. ; Yazid, A. M. ; Anis Shobirin, M. H. & Shuhaimi, M. (2010). Phytase: application

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Protein source Weight gain (g) Casein 364 b Soybean meal 405 a Soy protein concentrate 356 b Soy protein isolate 366 b

Table 4. Effect of protein sources on weight gain of chicks(week 0-3).

soybean oil promoted better performance as compared to canola oil.

with coconut oil as lipidic source showed the best results of weight gain.

source of feed energy. Its caloric value is the major reason for its increased use.

when feed with different soybean products in diets.

Batal Parson (2003)

mixtures with soybean oil.

**4. Conclusion** 

animal performance.

4668

Access in: march 2011.

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**3.4 Soy oil** 


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**9** 

*Italy* 

**Protein Sources in Ruminant Nutrition** 

Raffaella Tudisco, Federico Infascelli and Vincenzo Piccolo

Since 2001 the European Commission banned the use of meat and bone meal and its byproducts in diets for livestock animals (EC directive 999/2001) in order to assure consumer safety on animal products. Consequently, soybean meal became the most utilised protein

Moreover, the proteins of this source are low degradable in the rumen and well

Soybean meal solvent extract (s.e.) is a by-product of oil industry, where soybean seeds are treated with organic solvents (e.g. hexane) and subsequently with high temperature. For this reason soybean meal has been banned in the organic livestock (EC directive 2092/1991; EC

Even if in Europe the high part of soybean is imported, soybean solvent extract represents the less expensive protein source for its high crude protein content (44-50 % as fed). However soybean meal costs and availability are strongly related with the price development of agricultural commodities on the world market (Jezierny et al., 2010). Factors which may influence world market prices include variations in population and economic growth, changes in consumer's product preferences, but world market prices are also

Finally, another factor has to be evaluated that is the genetically modification (GM) of soybean. Indeed, public concerns are increasing in GM food consumption due to the fact, even if for several years no direct evidence that it may represent a possible danger for health has been reported, recently, a number of papers have been published with controversial

Thus, the search for alternative protein sources has led to an increasing interest in the use of

The botanical family of grain legumes is known as *Fabaceae*, also referred to as *Leguminosae*. Grain legumes are cultivated primarily for their seeds which are harvested at maturity, and which are rich in protein and energy. The mature dry seeds of grain legumes are used either as animal feed ingredient or for human consumption (Singh et al., 2007). Beans, lentils and chickpeas are utilised exclusively for human nutrition, while the other grains are used in

In Italy grain legumes cultivation is progressively increased due the presence of new cultivars more hardy and productive. These new cultivars were selected principally in

**1. Introduction** 

directive 834/2007).

results.

animal feeding too.

source in the intensive livestock systems.

proportioned to the non structural carbohydrates (NSC).

dependent on weather conditions (Gill, 1997; Trostle, 2008).

grain legumes, as they supply the important source of plant protein.

Monica I. Cutrignelli, Serena Calabrò,

*University of Naples Federico II, Naples,* 

*Department of Animal Science and Food Control,* 

