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**12** 

*Japan* 

Morio Matsuzaki

**Farming System and Management** 

*National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)* 

In the cultivation of soybean, it is necessary to pay attention to nitrogen absorption and soil organism. Nitrogen of 11 - 31kg (an average of 16 kg) is necessary to produce soybean grains of 200 kg (Salvagiotti et al., 2008) because soybean has high grain protein content. Soybean and rhizobia (*Bradyrhizobium japonicum*) form symbiosis for N2 fixation (Gray & Smith, 2005). Soybean N2 fixation is approximately half of the soybean nitrogen uptake (Salvagiotti et al., 2008), and soybean absorbs the other half from fertilizer or soil. If there is much inorganic nitrogen in soil, the N2 fixation is suppressed (Ray et al., 2006), and the amount of fertilizer application for soybean is a little. Therefore, soybean yield probably depends on the quantity of soil organic nitrogen which is mineralized during crops growing period. This means nitrogen which a soil microbe holds, and it is called "biomass nitrogen" (Jenkinson &

Soybean is influenced by a biologic factor. Soybean forms symbiosis not only rhizobia but also arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Antunes et al., 2006; Troeh & Loynachan, 2003). The biologic factors such as nematodes, soil-borne diseases become the problem in soybean. In continuous cropping of soybean, soybean cyst nematode (SCN : *Heterodera glycines*) reduce soybean yield approximately 30% (Donald et al., 2006). Sudden death syndrome (SDS) due to the coinfection of SCN and *Fusarium solani* becomes the problem in U.S.A.

Soybean secretes flavonoids such as daidzein or genistein, and they are key signal compounds for control of symbiosis with rhizobia and AM fungi (Antunes et al., 2006). Glycinoeclepin which kidney beans (*Phaseolus vulgaris*) secrete promotes the hatching of the SCN (Kushida et al., 2002). Crops influence soil organism by various compounds to secrete from root (Faure et al., 2009). Therefore, the growth and yield of soybean are probably influenced by the preceding crop. In soybean, yield decrease is remarkable by continuous

The continuous cropping experiment with five crops including soybean was conducted in northern Japanese Hokkaido for 16 years (Memuro continuous cropping experiment). Organic matter application and soil fumigation were conducted in the experiment. Soybean continuous cropping will influence soil microbe (Kageyama et al., 1982; Matsuguchi & Nitta, 1988). Soil biomass nitrogen increases by organic matter application (Sakamoto & Oba, 1993). Soil fumigation promotes mineralization of soil nitrogen and suppresses nitrification

**1. Introduction** 

Parry, 1989).

(Rupe et al., 1997; Xing & Westphal, 2009).

cropping (Matsuda et al., 1980; Matsuguchi & Nitta, 1988).

*National Agricultural Reseach Center (NARC),* 

*Lentinus edodes*", *World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology*, vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 551–557, ISSN: 0959-3993.

