**3.1 Basic procedures for biodiesel obtaining**

A guide for biodiesel obtaining from refined oils is given as follows. Raw material:


Steps:


countries like Brazil and the United States, being from a renewable source of energy, resulting in environmental gains could generate carbon credits. As for the difficulties in the separation of phases in reactions employing ethanol in biodiesel synthesis, they can be

The fuel blends used were prepared at the Thermo-sciences Laboratory of Mechanical

It was used Oxx as the nomenclature to designate mixtures of soybean oil with diesel, being xx the percentage by volume of vegetable oil added to diesel. The following mixtures were

It was used Bxx as the nomenclature to designate mixtures of biodiesel with diesel, being xx the percentage by volume of biodiesel added to diesel. The following mixtures were used:

Diesel fuel used is from the Laboratory of Distributed Power Generation at Fluminense

The soybean oil used in the tests was obtained in the food market and the biodiesel used was produced at the Thermo-sciences Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department at

Refined oils are free of substances inhibiting the transesterification process. They have low amount of free fatty acids, less than 0.5%. The beta-carotene and phosphatides of the raw material are eliminated in the process of bleaching and degumming the oil. Thus the processing of these oils for conversion to biodiesel is a process that does not present major

100 mL of refined vegetable oil (commercial oil, whose acidity is less than 0.5%,

1. Put 100 mL of vegetable oil in a glass container and lead to heating to a temperature of

2. Place the container on the balance. Tare, and put 1g of KOH in it and close the container

3. Measure a volume of 25 mL of anhydrous methyl alcohol using a test tube (methanol is

5. Add the methoxide to the solution of vegetable oil and stir for a period of two hours; 6. Turn off the mixer and check whether it produces a phase separation, it can be seen that

4. Mixing the methanol with KOH to achieve a uniform solution of methoxide;

**3. Soybean oil and soybean biodiesel obtaining and characterization** 

B5; B10; B15; B20; B50 and B75, besides pure diesel (B0) and pure biodiesel (B100).

Engineering Department at Fluminense Federal University (UFF).

used: O5; O10; O15 and O20, besides pure diesel (O0).

**3.1 Basic procedures for biodiesel obtaining** 

25 mL of anhydrous methyl alcohol;

to avoid hydration of the reagent;

1 g of potassium hydroxide;

Fluminense Federal University.

Federal University. This fuel is used as reference for the tests.

technical difficulties. The process is performed at atmospheric pressure.

A guide for biodiesel obtaining from refined oils is given as follows.

toxic and must be handled with care in appropriate place);

a fluid dark (glycerin) deposits at the bottom of the container;

degummed, microfiltered, deodorized and bleached);

bypassed by adjustments in reaction conditions.

**procedures** 

Raw material:

45ºC;

Steps:


#### **3.2 Characterization of soybean oil and soybean biodiesel and stationary engine tests**

The properties of soybean oil, soybean biodiesel and diesel were determined at the Thermosciences Laboratory and Rheology Laboratory of Fluminense Federal University. The heating values were determined at the Laboratory of fuels at the National University of Colombia. The characterization tests followed the standards, as detailed in Table 1.

The tests conducted in the stationary engine were made at constant speed of 3600 rpm and variable power in the Fluminense Federal University

For each fuel tested, a test was performed and repeated. Performance data and emissions were measured continuously during the test and the series of data were analyzed to obtain values representative of engine performance


Table 1. Technical standards associated with the characterization tests

The stationary engine used (Figure 1) is formed by an engine, a generator and a control panel, with the possibility of producing electricity at 115V and 230V. The generator has a control system to regulate the motor rotation. The characteristics of the diesel engine are: 3600rpm; four-stroke; direct injection; one cylinder; air cooling system; 0.211L displacement

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 309

The yield of the process of producing biodiesel from soybean was 0.91L of biodiesel per 1L

Table 2 shows the properties of diesel, soybean oil and soybean biodiesel, obtained in

The expanded uncertainty of measurements are: density = ± 0.00008 kg/L; viscosity = ± 0.006 mm2/s; flash point = ± 2.1 °C; cloud point = ± 1.5°C and pour point = ± 1.8°C (Santo

The weight composition of fatty acids found in soybean oil was: C16:0=11.6%, C16:1=0.1%,

Based on the physicochemical characterization performed in the soybean oil and soybean

Density kg/L (20 °C) 0.85519 0.92037 0.88230 Viscosity mm2/s (40 °C) 4.689 30.787 4.161 Flash point °C 82 332 150 Cloud point °C 2 -2 0 Pour point °C -12 -14 -6 Copper strip corrosion 1a 1b 1a Higher heating value kJ/kg 42800 - 41685

The equation that best describes the behavior of flash point for blending diesel-soybean

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .(% ) ( )

 

*FP d FP mixture FP a FP d mixture FP d*

where: FP (a) is the flash point of the additive (biodiesel) and FP (d) is the flash point of

The best fitting function representing the behavior of soybean oil density is, as follows

The best fitting function representing the behavior of soybean biodiesel density is, as follows

0.00073 0.89691 *T* (3)

( )

0.00069 0.93420 *T* (2)

(1)

*FP a*

where: *ρ* is the density of soyben oil (kg/L) and *T* is the temperature (0C).

The behavior of soybean oil viscosity is, as follows (Santo Filho, 2010a):

where: *ρ* is the density of soyben biodiesel (kg/L) and *T* is the temperature (0C).

PROPERTY DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

**4. Energy generation using soybean oil and soybean biodiesel** 

accordance with the standards shown in Table 1.

biodiesel, some correlations were determined.

C18:0=3.2%, C18:1=20.4%; C18:2=59.7% and C18:3=5%.

Table 2. Properties of diesel, soybean oil and soybean biodiesel.

of used oil.

Filho, 2010a; Abreu, 2010).

biodiesel is (Tulcan, 2009):

(Santo Filho et al., 2010b):

(Santo Filho et al., 2010c):

diesel.

volume; 2.0kW maximum output; 1.8kW nominal power; 2.5L fuel capacity and 47 kg weight.

The engine was modified in order to have a fuel consumption control by gravity, changing the original fuel tank by a remote tank, being possible to be placed on a balance

The electrical load was simulated on a load bank, where 150W power lamps were activated to modify the load (Figure 1). The measurements of instantaneous power, current frequency, voltage and electrical current were made using a measuring device (CCK 4300) manufactured by CCK Automation Ltda (São Paulo, Brazil).

Emissions were measured using the gas analyzer Greenline 8000 built by Eurotron Instrument S.A. The equipment has measurement system of gas concentration by nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and electrochemical method, in addition to measuring temperature, pressure and temperature of gases. The equipment has RS232 communication system for data acquisition and algorithms for calculating the efficiency indicators for different fuels. The resolution and the error limits of the equipment for measured gases are: electrochemical CO, 1 ppm and ± 10 ppm; NDIR CO2, 0.01% and ± 0.3%; electrochemical NO, 1 ppm and ± 5 ppm; electrochemical NO2, 1 ppm and ± 5 ppm and calculated NOx, 1 ppm. The SO2 measurements were made by the method of molecular absorption spectroscopy (Tulcan, 2009)

Fig. 1. Stationary engine and control panel (operating).

volume; 2.0kW maximum output; 1.8kW nominal power; 2.5L fuel capacity and 47 kg

The engine was modified in order to have a fuel consumption control by gravity, changing

The electrical load was simulated on a load bank, where 150W power lamps were activated to modify the load (Figure 1). The measurements of instantaneous power, current frequency, voltage and electrical current were made using a measuring device (CCK 4300)

Emissions were measured using the gas analyzer Greenline 8000 built by Eurotron Instrument S.A. The equipment has measurement system of gas concentration by nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and electrochemical method, in addition to measuring temperature, pressure and temperature of gases. The equipment has RS232 communication system for data acquisition and algorithms for calculating the efficiency indicators for different fuels. The resolution and the error limits of the equipment for measured gases are: electrochemical CO, 1 ppm and ± 10 ppm; NDIR CO2, 0.01% and ± 0.3%; electrochemical NO, 1 ppm and ± 5 ppm; electrochemical NO2, 1 ppm and ± 5 ppm and calculated NOx, 1 ppm. The SO2 measurements were made by the method of molecular absorption

the original fuel tank by a remote tank, being possible to be placed on a balance

manufactured by CCK Automation Ltda (São Paulo, Brazil).

Fig. 1. Stationary engine and control panel (operating).

weight.

spectroscopy (Tulcan, 2009)

### **4. Energy generation using soybean oil and soybean biodiesel**

The yield of the process of producing biodiesel from soybean was 0.91L of biodiesel per 1L of used oil.

Table 2 shows the properties of diesel, soybean oil and soybean biodiesel, obtained in accordance with the standards shown in Table 1.

The expanded uncertainty of measurements are: density = ± 0.00008 kg/L; viscosity = ± 0.006 mm2/s; flash point = ± 2.1 °C; cloud point = ± 1.5°C and pour point = ± 1.8°C (Santo Filho, 2010a; Abreu, 2010).

The weight composition of fatty acids found in soybean oil was: C16:0=11.6%, C16:1=0.1%, C18:0=3.2%, C18:1=20.4%; C18:2=59.7% and C18:3=5%.

Based on the physicochemical characterization performed in the soybean oil and soybean biodiesel, some correlations were determined.


Table 2. Properties of diesel, soybean oil and soybean biodiesel.

The equation that best describes the behavior of flash point for blending diesel-soybean biodiesel is (Tulcan, 2009):

$$FP(\text{mixture}) = \left[ \left( FP(a) - FP(d) \right). \left( \% \text{mixture} \right)^{\left( \frac{FP(d)}{FP(d)} \right)} \right] + FP(d) \tag{1}$$

where: FP (a) is the flash point of the additive (biodiesel) and FP (d) is the flash point of diesel.

The best fitting function representing the behavior of soybean oil density is, as follows (Santo Filho et al., 2010b):

$$
\rho = -0.00069T + 0.93420\tag{2}
$$

where: *ρ* is the density of soyben oil (kg/L) and *T* is the temperature (0C). The best fitting function representing the behavior of soybean biodiesel density is, as follows (Santo Filho et al., 2010c):

$$
\rho = -0.00073T + 0.89691\tag{3}
$$

where: *ρ* is the density of soyben biodiesel (kg/L) and *T* is the temperature (0C). The behavior of soybean oil viscosity is, as follows (Santo Filho, 2010a):

$$\mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.11115 \end{pmatrix} e^{\left(953.1562/(T + 129.5732)\right)} \tag{4}$$

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 311

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

Fig. 3. Mean values of NO for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

Fig. 2. Mean values of SFC for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

0.6

140

150

160

170

180

190

**NITROGEN MONOXIDE (ppm)** 

200

210

220

230

240

0.65

0.7

**SFC (kg/kW.h)**

0.75

0.8

where: the viscosity of soyben oil is given in mm2/s and the temperature (*T*) is in (0C). The behavior of soybean biodiesel viscosity is, as follows (Santo Filho, 2010a):

$$\mathbf{v} = (0.1246)e^{\left(609.1440/(T + 133.6409)\right)} \tag{5}$$

where: the viscosity of soyben biodiesel is given in mm2/s and the temperature (*T*) is in 0C. Figures 2-7 show the values of specific fuel consumption (SFC) and emissions of NO, NOx, CO, CO2 and SO2 for diesel, soybean biodiesel and mixtures of diesel-soybean oil and diesel-soybean biodiesel. The reported values represent the average for four values of load (400W, 700W, 1000W and 1300W).

Figure 2 shows the behavior of SFC for diesel-soybean oil mixtures and diesel-soybean biodiesel blends. The specific fuel consumption is lower for mixtures of 5% soybean oil than that for diesel. For this percentage, the oil has an oxygenating effect which improves engine performance, with an average of 1.9% decrease from the SFC. For larger percentages of mixture, the SFC increases, indicating a drop in engine performance. This is a consequence of lower heating value of soybean oil and of the increasing of the difficulties to burn fuel in the combustion chamber, requiring more fuel. For mixtures of 20% soybean oil, the increase in SFC is 4.5%. In the case of diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, a slight decrease in the SFC can be observed for smaller proportions of the mixture (5% to 10% soybean biodiesel). This decrease is due to the oxygenating capacity of biodiesel. For larger values of the mixture (15% to 100% soybean biodiesel), the SFC increases. This increase in SFC is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel, requiring more fuel. As the mixing ratio increases, the specific fuel consumption increases. The SFC hits an increase of 14% for the use of pure biodiesel compared to diesel.

Figures 3 and 4 present the average values of NO and NOx emissions for different mixing ratios of soybean oil with diesel and soybean biodiesel with diesel. The NO and NOx emissions increase with the use of blends up to 10% of soybean oil in diesel. From this amount of mixture, the NO and NOx emissions decrease reflecting a decrease in the temperature of combustion chamber. However, the values are still higher than the emissions of diesel. For diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, the production of NO and NOx is higher for blends superior to 5% than for diesel. Emissions of NO and NOx grow rapidly for blends above 15% of soybean biodiesel. For mixtures between 20% and 75% soybean biodiesel, the emission levels of NO are an average of 200 ppm. For pure biodiesel the emission levels fall, this is a consequence of the low temperature in the combustion chamber due to the lower heating value of fuel.

Figure 5 shows the mean values of CO for soybean oil and soybean biodiesel blended in diesel. It may be noted that in proportions of up to 5% of soybean oil, the mixtures have an advantage in relation to diesel. For higher proportions, the CO emission increases to a level of 405 ppm for the mixture with 20% of soybean oil, 18% higher than the levels achieved by diesel emissions. The increase in the amount of CO shows a less efficient combustion. In the case of diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, it can be observed that the emission of CO for mixtures was lower than for diesel. The CO emission decreases by increasing the proportion of soybean biodiesel in the blend. In the case of pure biodiesel, the reduction in CO emission was 21% compared with diesel.

where: the viscosity of soyben oil is given in mm2/s and the temperature (*T*) is in (0C).

where: the viscosity of soyben biodiesel is given in mm2/s and the temperature (*T*) is in 0C. Figures 2-7 show the values of specific fuel consumption (SFC) and emissions of NO, NOx, CO, CO2 and SO2 for diesel, soybean biodiesel and mixtures of diesel-soybean oil and diesel-soybean biodiesel. The reported values represent the average for four values of load

Figure 2 shows the behavior of SFC for diesel-soybean oil mixtures and diesel-soybean biodiesel blends. The specific fuel consumption is lower for mixtures of 5% soybean oil than that for diesel. For this percentage, the oil has an oxygenating effect which improves engine performance, with an average of 1.9% decrease from the SFC. For larger percentages of mixture, the SFC increases, indicating a drop in engine performance. This is a consequence of lower heating value of soybean oil and of the increasing of the difficulties to burn fuel in the combustion chamber, requiring more fuel. For mixtures of 20% soybean oil, the increase in SFC is 4.5%. In the case of diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, a slight decrease in the SFC can be observed for smaller proportions of the mixture (5% to 10% soybean biodiesel). This decrease is due to the oxygenating capacity of biodiesel. For larger values of the mixture (15% to 100% soybean biodiesel), the SFC increases. This increase in SFC is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel, requiring more fuel. As the mixing ratio increases, the specific fuel consumption increases. The SFC hits an increase of 14% for the use of pure biodiesel

Figures 3 and 4 present the average values of NO and NOx emissions for different mixing ratios of soybean oil with diesel and soybean biodiesel with diesel. The NO and NOx emissions increase with the use of blends up to 10% of soybean oil in diesel. From this amount of mixture, the NO and NOx emissions decrease reflecting a decrease in the temperature of combustion chamber. However, the values are still higher than the emissions of diesel. For diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, the production of NO and NOx is higher for blends superior to 5% than for diesel. Emissions of NO and NOx grow rapidly for blends above 15% of soybean biodiesel. For mixtures between 20% and 75% soybean biodiesel, the emission levels of NO are an average of 200 ppm. For pure biodiesel the emission levels fall, this is a consequence of the low temperature in the combustion chamber due to the lower

Figure 5 shows the mean values of CO for soybean oil and soybean biodiesel blended in diesel. It may be noted that in proportions of up to 5% of soybean oil, the mixtures have an advantage in relation to diesel. For higher proportions, the CO emission increases to a level of 405 ppm for the mixture with 20% of soybean oil, 18% higher than the levels achieved by diesel emissions. The increase in the amount of CO shows a less efficient combustion. In the case of diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, it can be observed that the emission of CO for mixtures was lower than for diesel. The CO emission decreases by increasing the proportion of soybean biodiesel in the blend. In the case of pure biodiesel, the reduction in CO emission

The behavior of soybean biodiesel viscosity is, as follows (Santo Filho, 2010a):

(400W, 700W, 1000W and 1300W).

compared to diesel.

heating value of fuel.

was 21% compared with diesel.

(953.1562/( 129.5732)) (0.1115) *<sup>T</sup> e* (4)

(609.1440/( 133.6409)) (0.1246) *<sup>T</sup> e* (5)

Fig. 2. Mean values of SFC for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Fig. 3. Mean values of NO for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 313

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

Figure 6 shows the CO2 average emissions for soybean oil and soybean biodiesel blended in diesel. It can be observed that the percentages of CO2 emissions for the mixtures are always higher than for diesel. Compared with diesel, a mixture of 15% of soybean oil increases the production of CO2 by 40% and the mixture of 20% of soybean oil by 31%. The production of CO2 increases with the addition of soybean biodiesel reaching a value of 2.77% to 50% soybean biodiesel, representing an increase of 37% compared to diesel. From this value a

Figure 7 shows average results of the SO2 emission obtained by the method of molecular absorption spectroscopy. In the figure it can be observed that, in some cases, the addition of soybean oil increases the production of SO2. The production of SO2 is caused by oxidation of sulfur in the fuel. Although the addition of soybean oil reduces the presence of sulfur in fuel, the cause of production of sulfur oxides may be due to rising temperatures in the combustion chamber and the consequent degradation of lubricating oils in the engine and volatilization of no burning fuel inside the combustion chamber. For fuel mixtures in proportions greater than 10% of soybean oil, the levels of SO2 emissions begin to decrease. For mixtures of 15% to 20% of soybean oil, the levels of SO2 emissions are lower than for diesel. In the case of 20% soybean oil, the reduction of SO2 is 69%. For diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, the emission of sulfur dioxide, in some cases, is higher than for diesel, as also happened in the case of mixtures with soybean oil. Moreover, one can observe that the emission of SO2 decreases for fuel mixtures in proportions greater than 50% of soybean biodiesel. In the case of 100% soybean biodiesel, the reduction of SO2 is 71%. The presence of SO2 in the burning of pure biodiesel can be due to burning of lubricating oil and residual

Fig. 6. Mean values of CO2 for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

2

slight reduction in CO2 occurs.

diesel into the combustion chamber.

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

**CARBON DIOXIDE (%)**

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

Fig. 4. Mean values of NOx for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Fig. 5. Mean values of CO for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

Fig. 5. Mean values of CO for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Fig. 4. Mean values of NOx for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

140

260

280

300

320

340

360

**CARBON MONOXIDE (ppm)**

380

400

420

440

150

160

170

180

190

**NOx (ppm)**

200

210

220

230

240

Fig. 6. Mean values of CO2 for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Figure 6 shows the CO2 average emissions for soybean oil and soybean biodiesel blended in diesel. It can be observed that the percentages of CO2 emissions for the mixtures are always higher than for diesel. Compared with diesel, a mixture of 15% of soybean oil increases the production of CO2 by 40% and the mixture of 20% of soybean oil by 31%. The production of CO2 increases with the addition of soybean biodiesel reaching a value of 2.77% to 50% soybean biodiesel, representing an increase of 37% compared to diesel. From this value a slight reduction in CO2 occurs.

Figure 7 shows average results of the SO2 emission obtained by the method of molecular absorption spectroscopy. In the figure it can be observed that, in some cases, the addition of soybean oil increases the production of SO2. The production of SO2 is caused by oxidation of sulfur in the fuel. Although the addition of soybean oil reduces the presence of sulfur in fuel, the cause of production of sulfur oxides may be due to rising temperatures in the combustion chamber and the consequent degradation of lubricating oils in the engine and volatilization of no burning fuel inside the combustion chamber. For fuel mixtures in proportions greater than 10% of soybean oil, the levels of SO2 emissions begin to decrease. For mixtures of 15% to 20% of soybean oil, the levels of SO2 emissions are lower than for diesel. In the case of 20% soybean oil, the reduction of SO2 is 69%. For diesel-soybean biodiesel blends, the emission of sulfur dioxide, in some cases, is higher than for diesel, as also happened in the case of mixtures with soybean oil. Moreover, one can observe that the emission of SO2 decreases for fuel mixtures in proportions greater than 50% of soybean biodiesel. In the case of 100% soybean biodiesel, the reduction of SO2 is 71%. The presence of SO2 in the burning of pure biodiesel can be due to burning of lubricating oil and residual diesel into the combustion chamber.

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 315

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

Fig. 10. Values of NOx for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

Fig. 9. Values of NO for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

50

50

100

150

200

**NOx (ppm)**

250

300

100

150

200

**NITROGEN MONOXIDE (ppm)**

250

300

Fig. 7. Mean values of SO2 for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

Figures 8 to 13 show the emission behavior as a function of load in the stationary engine for mixtures of 20% soybean oil and 20% soybean biodiesel with diesel.

The behavior of the SFC is similar in the cases of diesel and the mixtures 20% soybean oildiesel and 20% soybean biodiesel-diesel. As shown in Figure 8 the value of SCF for the fuels studied decreases with increasing load.

Fig. 8. Values of SFC for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL SOYBEAN OIL SOYBEAN BIODIESEL

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **BIOFUEL VOLUME (%)**

Figures 8 to 13 show the emission behavior as a function of load in the stationary engine for

The behavior of the SFC is similar in the cases of diesel and the mixtures 20% soybean oildiesel and 20% soybean biodiesel-diesel. As shown in Figure 8 the value of SCF for the fuels

> 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

Fig. 8. Values of SFC for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

Fig. 7. Mean values of SO2 for soybean biodiesel and soybean oil blended in diesel.

mixtures of 20% soybean oil and 20% soybean biodiesel with diesel.

0.5

studied decreases with increasing load.

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

**SFC (kg/kW.h)**

1

1.5

2

2.5

**SULFUR DIOXIDE (ppm)**

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Fig. 9. Values of NO for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

Fig. 10. Values of NOx for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

Use of Soybean Oil in Energy Generation 317

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

Fig. 13. Values of SO2 for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

studied, probably due to increased temperature in the combustion chamber.

The Figures 9 and 10 show that the emission of NO and NOx, for mixtures of 20% soybean oil-diesel and 20% soybean biodiesel-diesel, are higher than those of diesel at all loads

In Figure 11 it can be observed that the CO emissions decrease with increasing load for all fuels tested, showing a better combustion in these cases. The lower values of CO occur with

As shown in Figure 12, as the load increases the amount of CO2 emissions increases for all

The emissions of SO2 with the load are shown in Figure 13. The lowest emissions occur at

Soybean oil and soybean biodiesel can be added to diesel fuel to be burned in combustion engines. These compounds have an oxygenate capacity that is useful to improve engine performance, but this ability only gives you an edge when the mix ratio is 5% for vegetable oil and 10% for biodiesel. The gains made in reducing the SFC using the oxygenating additives affect about 2% in the case of 5% soybean oil blended with diesel and about 4.5% for 10% soybean biodiesel blended with diesel. Using a larger proportion of mixture generates increases in SFC by 9% on average when pure biodiesel is used, and 3% when

The emission of NO and NOx increases with the addition of oxygenated components (vegetable oil and biodiesel). The use of 20% soybean oil blended with diesel (O20) increases

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

0

fuels studied.

lower loads.

**5. Conclusion** 

the 20% blend of soybean biodiesel (B20).

mixture of 20% soybean oil is used.

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

**SULFUR DIOXIDE (ppm)**

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Fig. 11. Values of CO for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

Fig. 12. Values of CO2 for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 **LOAD (%)**

Fig. 12. Values of CO2 for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

DIESEL

20% SOYBEAN OIL (O20) 20% SOYBEAN BIODIESEL (B20)

Fig. 11. Values of CO for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

200

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.5

**CARBON DIOXIDE (%)**

2.7

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.5

250

300

350

400

**CARBON MONOXIDE (ppm)**

450

500

550

600

Fig. 13. Values of SO2 for 20% soybean biodiesel and 20% soybean oil blended in diesel.

The Figures 9 and 10 show that the emission of NO and NOx, for mixtures of 20% soybean oil-diesel and 20% soybean biodiesel-diesel, are higher than those of diesel at all loads studied, probably due to increased temperature in the combustion chamber.

In Figure 11 it can be observed that the CO emissions decrease with increasing load for all fuels tested, showing a better combustion in these cases. The lower values of CO occur with the 20% blend of soybean biodiesel (B20).

As shown in Figure 12, as the load increases the amount of CO2 emissions increases for all fuels studied.

The emissions of SO2 with the load are shown in Figure 13. The lowest emissions occur at lower loads.
