**6. References**


Nematodes may be controlled by organic matter application. The organic matter including inorganic nitrogen or chitinous substance is effective for nematodes control (Akhtar & Malik, 2000; Oka, 2010). The application of organic matter including antagonism microorganism will be effective (Oka, 2010). However, these effects will vary according to

With soybean, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as rhizobia and *Bacillus* form symbiosis (Bai et al., 2003; Cattelan et al., 1999; Gray & Smith 2005), and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiosis, too (Troeh & Loynachan, 2003). The AM fungi increase N2 fixation (Antunes et al., 2006). The symbiosis with AM fungi helps phosphorus acid absorption of the crop (Harrison, 1998). The crops doing N2 fixation need a lot of phosphoric acid (Graham & Vance, 2000), and the symbiosis with AM fungi will be effective for soybean. Soybean and corn form symbiosis with AM fungi (Troeh & Loynachan, 2003), and AM fungi probably increases in soybean - corn rotation. Sugar beet was non-host crop of AM fungi, and soybean growth after non-host crop such as sugar beet was suppressed

Soybean forms symbiosis with rhizobia. However, in low temperature area, the nitrogen absorption of soybean may not be served only in N2 fixation, and soil nitrogen probably becomes important. Soybean stimulates the decomposition of SOM, and can absorb nitrogen from soil. The crops such as gramineous crop or pasture plant supply organic matter to soil. No-tillage maintains SOM. Organic matter application increases SOM. Soybean yield

SCN inhibits the nitrogen absorption of soybean. By cropping of non-host crops or resistant varieties, SCN does not increase, but the cyst of SCN does not decrease. Soybean is affected by not only SCN but also pathogenic fungi such as *Fusarium*. On the other hand, soybean growth is promoted by PGPR (rhizobia, *Bacillus* and etc) and AM fungi. In soybean, it is necessary to decide farming system and management while considering these organisms.

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**4.2.2 Management** 

(Karasawa, 2004).

**5. Conclusion** 

**6. References** 

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**4.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi** 

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**Part 2** 

**Modern Processing Technologies** 

