**7. Conclusions**

280 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

which cultivated area generally presents more than 90% correlation with crop production (Table 8 and Figure 9). Then, the concepts about agricultural production need to be revised, facing the actual problems related with the inadequate use and depletion of the non

> Total of milked cows

(in km2) 0.11 0.21 -0.37 -0.26

Production (ton/year) X productivity (ton/ha)

Table 7. Linear correlation (r) of annual milk production by Brazilian states with total of milked cows, liters of milk/km2/year, liters of milk/cow/year and surface of the state (in

Corn 110 0.95 0.35 0.14 Bean1a 110 0.87 0.18 0.02 Bean1b 110 0.96 0.42 0.31 Sugarcane 101 0.99 0.34 0.30 Coffee 95 0.98 0.07 0.00 Banana2 90 0.96 -0.02 -0.14 Cassava 86 0.98 0.21 0.09 Orange3 84 0.91 0.32 0.03 Rice4a 76 0.88 0.22 -0.05 Rice4b 71 0.91 0.53 0.38 Tomato 51 0.98 0.46 0.37 Coconut 18 0.95 0.31 0.12 Potato5a 12 0.99 0.47 0.42 Potato5b 11 0.88 0.22 -0.19 Potato5c 10 0.99 -0.20 -0.29 Mean 0.94 0.26 0.10 Source: Lana & Guimarães (2010); n = number of municipalities; 1a = first harvest; 1b = mean of second and third harvest; 2 = racemes instead of ton (1,000 kg); 3 = number (x1000) of oranges instead of ton (1,000 kg); 4a = rice planted in wet land; 4b = rice planted in dry land, without or with irrigation; 5a,b,c

= harvest 1, 2 and 3, respectively; Source of data: www.cidadesnet.com.br (year of 2003).

municipalities of Zona da Mata and Central of Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

Table 8. Linear correlation (r) among some variables related to agricultural production, in

Liters of milk/km2/year

Liters of milk/cow/year

productivity (ton/ha) X planted area (ha)

renewable natural resources, and environmental pollution.

milk/state/year

0.95

milk/cow/year 0.51 0.31 0.88

Production (ton/year) X planted area (ha)

milk/km2/year 0.55 0.39

Parameters Liters of

Total of milking cows

Liters of

Liters of

Surface of state

Item n

km2).

The agriculture progress is based in improvements of animals and plants productivity per unit of area, which is only applicable when land is the limiting factor, but other factors are emerging as limiting, such as water, fertilizer and petrol.

Models of saturation kinetics are important tools to improve the efficiency and decrease costs of utilization of non renewable natural resources in agriculture, allowing the conservation of these resources for the future generations, and decreasing the negative impacts in the environment.

Fig. 9. Effect of cultivated area and productivity on production of some main cultures (coffee, sugarcane, corn and bean), in municipalities of Zona da Mata and Central of Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

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**14** 

*Brasil* 

**Chemical Conversion of Glycerol from** 

**and Technological Applications** 

Miguel Araujo Medeiros1, Carla M. Macedo Leite2

and Rochel Montero Lago2 *1Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,* 

**Biodiesel into Products for Environmental** 

Currently, fossil fuels represent over 80% of energy consumption in the world. However, due to environmental and geopolitical issues the development of new energy sources is mandatory. For example, only the Middle East holds 63% of global reserves, which directly

In developed nations there is a growing trend towards employing modern technologies and efficient bioenergy conversion using a range of biofuels, which are becoming cost competitive with fossil fuels (Puhan et al., 2005). In Brazil, this work is focused on the

There are discussions around the world on the feasibility of using renewable fuels, which may cause a much smaller impact to global warming, because the balance of CO2 emissions

In 1997 at a meeting in Kyoto, Japan, many of the developed nations agreed to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990. In this occasion Brazil established social and environmental policies to collaborate with those global goals (Puhan et al., 2005). An example is the biodiesel program which in 2008 implemented the use of B2 (2% biodiesel into conventional diesel). In other countries, like Germany, it is possible to

Biodiesel, a renewable biofuel produced from biomass, is biodegradable and does not cause significant contamination with emissions containing sulfur or aromatics. Biodiesel, is an viable alternative for compression-ignition engines (Puhan et al., 2005), in total or partial

The use of biodiesel as fuel should occupy a prominent place in the world, with a market that is booming because of its enormous contribution to the environment, such as qualitative and quantitative reduction of environmental pollution (Ferrari et al., 2005). Furthermore,

Biodiesel is fuel produced mainly by transesterification of vegetable oils, but can also be obtained by the reaction of animal fat (Pinto et al. 2005; Puhan et al., 2005; Chiang, 2007)

this fuel is a strategic source of renewable energy to replace petroleum products.

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 Biodiesel** 

influences in the final price of fuel.

production of bioethanol and biodiesel.

decreases when using these fuels. (Demirbas, 2008)

supply only with B100 biodiesel (100% biodiesel).

substitution of fossil diesel (Chiang, 2007).

