**1. Introduction**

174 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

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Soy is a legume and has been successfully cultivated around the world. Today, the world's top producers of soy are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China and India. According Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries (Abiove), the Brazil is responsible for some 28 percent of the world's soybean production, with the estimate of a production of 57 million tons. The Brazil is the world's second largest producer and exporter of soybeans, soybean meal and soybean oil. The soybean complex, which gathers the productive chain of soybean, soybean meal and soybean oil, is the main item in the country's Trade Balance. Other activity that involves the use of soy products (oil) is the production of biodiesel.

In fact, so much in the Brazil as in most of the countries of the World, the soy represents one of the largest oilseeds of the world and to main source of vegetable protein for the poultry and swine feeding.

#### **2. The nutritional composition of the soybeans and soybean products used in the feeding of poultry and swine**

Soybeans and soybean products are now used widely in animal feeding. The crop is grown as a source of protein and oil for the human market and for the animal feed market. Soybean meal is generally regarded as the best of plant protein source in terms of its nutritional value. Also, it has a complementary relationship with cereal grains in meeting the amino acids (AA) requirements of farm animals. Consequently, it is the standard to which other plant protein sources are compared (Blair, 2008).

Soybeans provide an excellent source of both energy and protein for poultry and swine. As with any ingredient, their usage rate depends upon economics, although in the case of soybeans such economics relate to the relative price of soybean meal and of supplemental fats. Soybeans contain about 38% crude protein, and around 20% oil (Leeson Summers, 2008). However, soybeans contain compounds that inhibit the activity of the proteolytic

Soybeans (*Glycine max*) and Soybean Products in Poultry and Swine Nutrition 177

(Rackis & Gumbmann, 1981). The compensatory effect of the pancreas is effective since that the urease activity of the soy is in up to 0,20 (Butolo, 2010). The effect 8of hypertrophy of pancreas followed by a stimulation of its secretory activity can also result in an endogenous loss of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin which are rich in the sulphurcontaining amino acids, and thus accentuating the deficiency of methionine, being the first

Coca-Sinova et al. (2008) had evaluated the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (%) of DM, N, energy, and amino acids (AA) of the diet with different soybean meal (SBM) origin in broilers of 21 d of Age. They observed that digestibility coefficients were higher for SBM contained lower levels of TIA - trypsin inhibitor activity (1,8 mg/g), when compared with

Lectins are glycoproteins with the ability to bind carbohydrate-containing molecules on the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, with the property of agglutinating the erythrocytes of higher animals (Liener, 2000).) The cells of the intestine in the presence of lectin, tend to collapse by reducing the absorption (Butolo, 2010). According Fasina et al. (2004), when lectins are ingested by animals, they can be degraded by intestinal digestive enzymes or survive intestinal digestion and bind to enterocytes on the brush border membrane (BBM). However if bind, lectins may cause antinutritional effects such as disruption of the intestinal microvilli, shortening or blunting of villi, impairment of nutrient digestion and absorption, increased endogenous nitrogen loss, bacterial proliferation, and increased intestinal weight

The soybean and its products have been considered goitrogenic in humans and animals (Doerge et al., 2002)., because the acidic methanolic extract of soybeans contains compounds that inhibit thyroid peroxidase-(TPO) catalyzed reactions essential to thyroid hormone synthesis (Divi et al., 1997). Pigs feeding goitrogens (0.075% 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole or .5% potassium thiocyanate) produced symptoms of hypothyroidism in a relative short period of time, usually 3 to 4 weeks with pronounced growth depression, but when the goitrogens were withdrawn from the diet, there was a marked increase in growth rate. The effects of goitrogens are more common in humans, mainly infants (Shepard et al., 1960), than in pigs, because the soybeans used in feed for pigs is generally thermally processed. the goitrogens of soybean can removed by heat treatment (Liener, 1970; Zhenyu et al., 2000).

Tannins are complex plant compounds that are often bitter or astringent, they are naturallyoccurring plant polyphenols which combine with proteins and other polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, to form stable complexes (Mangan, 1988). Egounlety et al. (2003) observed that the hulls were much richer in tannins than the whole soybean (2. 31 x 1.52 mg catechin equivalent/g). Soaking soybean for 12–14 h reduced the tannin content by 54.6%. No tannin was detected in dehulled and cooked and in fermented Soybean. In contrast to the position with ruminant animals where tannins in the diet may have considerable benefits, and in plants where tannins give partial protection against predators, in simple-stomached animals, including man, tannins in the diet are generally undesirable,

limiting amino acid in soybean (Johri, 2005)

SBM with higher levels of TIA (4,8mg/g).

and size (Pusztai, 1993 cited by Fasina et al., 2004).

**2.1.2 Lectins (haemagglutinins)** 

**2.1.3 Goitrogens** 

**2.1.4 Tannins** 

enzyme trypsin. They also contain other antinutrients, including hemagglutinins or lectins, which contribute to reduce nutrient use. Nutritional composition of the soybeans and soybean products is affecting by percentage of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), variety genetic, efficiency of the oil-extraction process and the amount of residual hulls present, the heat processing and other factors.
