**6. Applications of phospholipids**

Phospholipids are widely applied in pharmaceutical field, food, feed, agriculture, daily chemical industries and other chemical industries.

**Pharmaceutical field**: Phospholipids exist in all of the biomembranes and play important roles in such various physiological processes as regulating of cell osmosis and membrane enzymes, transmitting of lipoids and sterols and metabolizing of cyanocobalamin, folic acid and methionine etc. Brain tissues contain 25% of phospholipids, and the metabolic abnormality of phospholipids may lead to such diseases as cancer and Alzheimer's Disease etc. High-dosage phospholipids can effectively treat neurological disorders and other diseases of nervous system. In recent years, almost 25% of the non-food application patents of phospholipids are about their applications in pharmaceutical field, especially the applications of liposomes. Phospholipids exhibit huge potential in health care products market.

phospholipids in the evaporator. The mixture is pestled and embathed for several times to remove the residual oil and moisture. Then a powdery parenteral soybean phospholipids product is produced. It exhibits the following characteristics: AV 9.9, IV 91.29, nitrogen content 1.9%, phosphorus content 4.08% and AI 99.3% (PC content is 96.7%) (Shao et al.,

**5. Extraction and purification of individual molecular species of soybean** 

Powdery soybean phospholipids containing 20% PA are extracted with five folds (by weight) of 95% ethanol at 45 degrees Celsius for 2h with stirring at the speed of 100rpm. After centrifugation at 700×g for 10min, the supernatant is discarded. The above extraction procedure is repeated four more times until the ethanol fraction is colorless. The solid fraction is extracted with 5 folds (by weight) of methanol with a stirring speed of 100rpm for 12h at room temperature. The methanol fraction is obtained after centrifugation at 700×g for 10min. The methanol extraction procedure is repeated three times in total. The methanol fractions are combined. If the methanol is removed by evaporation, the solid residue will

The pH of the methanol extract is adjusted to 8-9 by 1mol/L sodium hydroxide and obvious white precipitate is observed. The supernatant is obtained by centrifugation at 700×g for 5min. If the methanol is removed, the solid residue will contain about 70% PA. The pH of the supernatant is adjusted to 5-6 by 1mol/L hydrochloric acid before n-hexane of four times the volume of the methanol solution is added and mixed. The n-hexane phase is obtained after extracting for 15min and being left standing still for 2h. The n-hexane is evaporated at 45 degrees Celsius and the residue is dissolved in methanol of ten times the volume of the n-hexane phase. 60% zinc chloride solution is added into the methanol solution until no more white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is obtained by centrifugation at 700×g for 10min, washed three times with acetone which is removed by filtration and dried under nitrogen gas steam. The solid obtained is PA of C18 fatty acids of

Phospholipids are widely applied in pharmaceutical field, food, feed, agriculture, daily

**Pharmaceutical field**: Phospholipids exist in all of the biomembranes and play important roles in such various physiological processes as regulating of cell osmosis and membrane enzymes, transmitting of lipoids and sterols and metabolizing of cyanocobalamin, folic acid and methionine etc. Brain tissues contain 25% of phospholipids, and the metabolic abnormality of phospholipids may lead to such diseases as cancer and Alzheimer's Disease etc. High-dosage phospholipids can effectively treat neurological disorders and other diseases of nervous system. In recent years, almost 25% of the non-food application patents of phospholipids are about their applications in pharmaceutical field, especially the applications of liposomes. Phospholipids exhibit huge potential in health care products

Extraction and purification of phosphatidic acid of C18 fatty acids

about 98% pure. The yield is 1/60 of the raw materials (Liu et al., 2008).

2000).

**phospholipids** 

contain about 50% PA.

**6. Applications of phospholipids** 

market.

chemical industries and other chemical industries.

**Food industry**: The amount of phospholipids used in food is usually 0.1%-2% of the fat in food. Phospholipids are used in margarines, shortenings, candies, soup bases, pot foods, instant foods (e.g. milk powder), bakery products (e.g. bread, cookie, dessert, biscuit and cracknel) and processed foods of meat and seafood etc. They are also used as coatings of can, soup packaging and casing of meat such as sausages etc.

**Feed industry**: Phospholipids are applied in animal feed such as milk replacer for calf and feed of cattle, pig, poultry, hairy animals, pets and aquatic animal (e.g. fish and crustaceans) etc. Phospholipids are the essential additives of the eel feed as they decrease the diseases of the eel and improve their growth.

**Agriculture**: Phospholipids can inhibit the growth of powdery mildew on cucumber, eggplant, green pepper and strawberry. The solution of 0.1% phospholipids-sodium carbonate can effectively inhibit orange green mold, cucumber powdery mildew and rice blights. Phospholipids are used as the coating components after harvesting of fruits and vegetables to improve the storage effect. Phospholipids are additives of pesticide formulae which can improve the adhesivity and permeability of pesticide and reduce their toxicity to plants.

**Daily chemical industries**: Phospholipids are applied in such cosmetics as moisturizer, facial cleanser, sunblocking cream, soap, bath oil, shampoo, hair care agent, shaving cream, shave clean agent, nail polish, makeup powder, blush, rouge, eye shadow, lipstick and hairspray etc. Applying of phospholipids in detergent can improve the dirt-removing power of anionic detergents.

**Other chemical industries**: Phospholipids are widely used in various paints, wax, shoes polish, wood preservatives, mold spray, tape coating, printing ink, ink, toner, additives of photographic materials and polyamide coating etc. as well as in papermaking and printing. They are also widely used in cement, pitch, tar shingle, surface sealant of linoleum and putty gum etc.
