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472 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

(stirred and thermostated reactor of stainless steal). The following parameters have been checked: temperature, reactor design, agitation speed, molar ratio and influence of the catalyst. The best results were obtained at 200 °C, pressure of 90 mbar and agitation speed of 60 rpm. It was seen that by using a molar ratio 1:1 FFA:glycerol, a total glycerides content of 85.3 % was obtained within 345 min reaction time. The formation of MAG was faster in the first hours and than reached the plateau, while the formation of DAG was slower at the beginning of the reaction and faster at the end. Furthermore, an increase in the molar ratio of 1:2 FFA:glycerol slow down the reaction, the total glycerides content reaching 64.9 % within 345 min reaction time. A molar ratio 2:1 FFA:glycerol gave an increase of the MAG and DAG at the beginning of the reaction, followed by an decrease of MAG after 90 min, the glycerol being completely consumed in within 345 min reaction time. The percent of DAG and TAG increased gradually during reaction, reaching a final yield of 86.2 % of total

However the FFA content was still high, a distillation step of the residual FFAs and glycerol was necessary in order to increase the purity of the synthesized acylglycerols. The byproducts of distillation were further re-used as reaction products in the synthesis of acylglycerols. The novelty of the process consists in synthesizing acylglycerols in a relatively

Deodorizer distillate is an excellent source of valuable compounds such as phytosterols and tocopherols. Numerous procedures have been described to isolate bioactive compounds from soybean oil deodorizer distillates to improve the value and the quality of this byproduct. All these procedures can be grouped in four generic categories: classic methods such as crystallization and precipitation, chemical and enzymatic modification, molecular

Crystallization seems successful as a simple and efficient process to remove and concentrate sterols and tocopherols from SODD. However solvent based processes are expensive, unattractive and less environmentally friendly, resulting in a scarce and expensive final

To increase the separation efficiency of the compounds of interest from SODD, esterification and/or transesterification reactions are usually carried out prior to the purification or fractionation procedure. Hence, the utilization of enzymes, for instance, makes easier the separation of tocopherols from SODD by converting sterols to steryl esters, acylglycerols to free fatty acids and free fatty acids to fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAMEs or FAEEs). Then, it is easier to separate the new product mixture by distillation or supercritical fluid extraction. The main difficulties of the enzymatic processes are the numerous parameters involved such as moisture content, enzyme concentration, time, temperature, ratio of the reactants, stability, recovery and reutilization of the enzyme preparation, among others. However, it is possible to separate the sterol esterification and ethyl esterification in time or space to optimize each of these reactions independently, thereby minimizing costs or

Among the great variety of processes that have been patented for the purification of the compounds of the SODD, only the processes of esterification of fatty acids and acylglycerols with methanol or ethanol followed by high vacuum distillation, have been developed on a

acylglycerols.

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**22** 

*China* 

**Soybean Phospholipids** 

*College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University* 

As soybean phospholipids are coproducts of soybean oil processing, the production of soybean phospholipids rises with the continuous increase of soybean oil yield. Phospholipids have been already applied widely in such fields as medicine, food, agriculture and industry etc., relating to various aspects of everyone's clothing, food, shelter and transportation. New phospholipids products will constantly sprout in large numbers

The authors describe the structure, composition, physical and chemical properties and applications of soybean phospholipids based on the research data in hand. This chapter is focused on the processings of concentrated soybean phospholipids, powdery soybean phospholipids and modified phospholipids as well as the isolation and purification of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidic acid (PA) in soybean phospholipids. The exploration of technologies for isolating and purifying individual molecular species of a certain phospholipids class is now one of the hot and difficult research issues in the world. The breakthrough in these technologies will enormously improve the great development of medicine (e.g. biomembrane bionics, liposomes and intracellular drug carriers etc.) and

chemical industry (e.g. aggregation and dispersion of nano materials) etc.

**2. The structure, composition and physical and chemical properties of** 

Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) definites phospholipids as follows: Food grade phospholipids are complex mixtures obtained from soybean and other plants consisting of acetone insolubles (AIs) which are mainly phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine

Phospholipids mainly include glycerol phosphatides and sphingomyelin. In this chapter, we mainly discuss glycerol phosphatides. The structures of phospholipids are shown in Fig. 1.

Phospholipids constitute 0.3%-0.6% of soybean seed, or 1.5%-3.0% of crude soybean oil. The phospholipids composition is shown in Table 1. The fatty acid composition of soybean

**1. Introduction** 

**soybean phospholipids** 

(PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI).

phospholipids is shown in Table 2.

**2.1 Soybean phospholipids structure** 

**2.2 Soybean phospholipids composition** 

with the development of science and technology.

Daicheng Liu and Fucui Ma

