**7. Conclusion**

Soybean is the major vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry. Its universal acceptability in animal feed is as a result of important attributes such as relatively high protein content and suitable amino acid profile except methionine, minimal variation in nutrient content, ready availability year-round, and relative freedom from intractable antinutritive factors if properly processed, limited allowable uses of animal proteins in feed and its relatively low cost. Therefore, its production and consumption will continue to grow as a preferred source of alternate high quality protein in animal diets.

Commonly used soybean products as protein source in animal feed are soybean meal, fullfat soybean and soybean protein concentrates, which are obtained through various heat processing methods that reduce anti-nutritive factors present such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins. Of these products, soybean meal is most preferred due to its relatively low cost. It is used extensively in feeds for poultry, pigs and cattle.

 Soybean is also a major source of vegetable fat in animal feed. Feed-grade soybean oil is popularly used in high energy diets, particularly for poultry, because of its high digestibility and metabolisable energy content compared with other vegetable fats/oils.

Soybean production and utilization for animal feed is bound to face future challenges as a result of increased demand of vegetable oil for biofuel production; of which soybean is less competitive. There is also increased research to use co-products from biofuel production as substitutes for soybean meal in animal diets. Thus, there is a need to overcome these and other challenges in order not to jeopardise cheap meat production for ever increasing world population.

#### **8. References**

224 Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products

Future challenges confronting soybean utilisation in animal diets have been discussed by

 Increased demand for vegetable oil for biodiesel production may in turn reduce overall production of soybean in favour of other oilseed crops that produce more oil per acre. For instance, soybean produces about 36 litres of oil per acre compared to 72 litres of safflower, 84 litres of sunflower and 108 litres of canola (United Soybean Board, 2011). Even though the nutritional values of meals from these oilseeds are lower than that of soybean, the increased value of the oil may shift production to these crops at the

 Competition between the bio-fuel industry and animal agriculture has increased the prices of feed ingredients with consequent increase in feeding cost. Also, by-products from ethanol and biodiesel production (e.g. distillers dried grains with soluble) are now

 Demands on animal production exerted by environmental regulations as a result of nitrogen waste, malodour and excretion of phosphorus into the environment by the use

 Pressures to improve nutritional value of soybean through breeding to modify aspects such as anti-nutritive factors, fatty acid profile, and oligosaccharide or protein synthesis

Soybean is the major vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry. Its universal acceptability in animal feed is as a result of important attributes such as relatively high protein content and suitable amino acid profile except methionine, minimal variation in nutrient content, ready availability year-round, and relative freedom from intractable antinutritive factors if properly processed, limited allowable uses of animal proteins in feed and its relatively low cost. Therefore, its production and consumption will continue to grow as a

Commonly used soybean products as protein source in animal feed are soybean meal, fullfat soybean and soybean protein concentrates, which are obtained through various heat processing methods that reduce anti-nutritive factors present such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins. Of these products, soybean meal is most preferred due to its relatively low cost. It is

 Soybean is also a major source of vegetable fat in animal feed. Feed-grade soybean oil is popularly used in high energy diets, particularly for poultry, because of its high digestibility

Soybean production and utilization for animal feed is bound to face future challenges as a result of increased demand of vegetable oil for biofuel production; of which soybean is less competitive. There is also increased research to use co-products from biofuel production as substitutes for soybean meal in animal diets. Thus, there is a need to overcome these and other challenges in order not to jeopardise cheap meat production for ever increasing world

competing with maize and soybean meal for their place in animal diets.

in order to allow greater levels of soybean meal in animal diets.

preferred source of alternate high quality protein in animal diets.

and metabolisable energy content compared with other vegetable fats/oils.

used extensively in feeds for poultry, pigs and cattle.

**6. Future challenges of soybean utilisation in animal diets** 

Kerley and Allee (2003). The major challenges include the following:

expense of soybean.

of soybean in diets.

**7. Conclusion** 

population.

Ajinomoto Heartland Lysine LLC Revision 7. True digestibility of essential amino acids in poultry.

 http://www.lysine.com/new/Technical%20Reports/Poultry/PoultryDigTableV7. pdf.


**11** 

*AM Brazil* 

**Productivity and Nutritional Composition of** 

**in Sawdust Supplemented with Soy Bran** 

*National Institute for Amazonian Research –INPA/ Department of Forest* 

**from the Amazon Region Cultivated** 

Ceci Sales-Campos, Bazilio Frasco Vianez and Raimunda Liége Souza de Abreu

*Products – CPPF, Aleixo CEP-Manaus,* 

*Lentinus strigosus* **(Schwinitz) Fries Mushroom** 

The cultivation of edible mushrooms is a biotechnological process that uses various residues to produce food of high nutritional value. It is an activity of economical importance, in particular, the production of *Agaricus*, *Pleurotus* and *Lentinus* species (Guzmán et al., 1993). Nutraceutical properties of mushrooms are increasing its economic value. The cultivation of mushrooms can be a solution to problems of global importance, such as the lack of protein in developing countries and the possibility of environmental management. The use of organic materials for growing mushrooms is an indication of its extraordinary metabolic

In the Amazon region there are large amounts of wood and agricultural residues whose potential has been underestimated. In the timber industry, raw material waste can be as high as 60%. In the agricultural industry there is no data on how much waste their activities produce. Vianez and Barbosa (2003), suggest several alternatives for the use of wood residues, including the use for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. This activity could contribute to a sustainable regional development. In this way, the objective of this study is to study the feasibility of using sawdust supplemented with soy bran for growing *L.* 

The fungus proposed in the present study is a wild edible and a wood decomposer (whiterot fungus), whose domestication was sought for the production of mushroom. As there is no cultivation of this fungus with the proposed wild strain, for comparison in the literature review, a parallel association was made with the cultivation of species of edible fungi of related genera that have similar physiology and cultivation conditions, being considered

*strigosus*, a native mushroom of the Amazon region.

mainly the genera *Lentinus* and *Pleurotus*.

**1. Introduction** 

activity.

**2. Literature review** 

