**6.1.3. Copper-substituted apatites**

Copper-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ca10−xCux(PO4)6(OH)2 (where *x* = 0.05 – 2.0) and fluorapa‐ tite Ca10−xCux(PO4)6F2 (*x* = 0.05 – 2.0) were synthesized by SHANMUGAM and GOPAL [29] via the co-precipitation method and subsequent thermal treatment to 700°C for 30 min. Due to its antimicrobial activity, the copper-substituted fluorapatite could be applied as an antimicro‐ bial biomaterial for various purposes like orthopedic and dental implantations.
