**2. Structure, synthesis, and properties**

nanoplatelets [4]. Implementing the chemical reduction, they have also been able to produce the graphene-based nanosheets [5]. In addition, Ferrari has reported the Raman spectroscopy of the SLGS [6]. Furthermore, Katsnelson and Novoselov have explored the unique electronic properties of the SLGSs [7]. They have stated that the graphene sheet is an unexpected bridge between condensed matter physics and quantum electrodynamics. On the other hand, Bunch et al. have reported the experimental results of using electromechanical resonators made from suspended single- and multi-layered graphene sheets [8]. The superior mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties of nanostructures make them favorable for nano engineering applications [9]. Graphene sheets are one of the most important nano-sized structural elements which are commonly used as components in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) [8, 10]. Furthermore, it has been revealed that adding graphene sheets to polymer matrix could greatly improve the mechanical properties of the host polymer [11]. In addition, nanostructures such as armchair carbon nanotubes and nanoplates have shown significant potential applications in the field of environmental technologies [12]. Nano-mechanical resonators are one of most important NEMS devices which have received increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years [13-16]. The nano mechanical resonators may operate at very high frequencies up to gigahertz range [17]. The potential applications of the SLGSs as mass sensors and atomistic dust detectors have further been investigated [10]. Also, the promising usage of the SLGS as strain sensor has been

Since graphene has a prominent application in human's life, the necessity of mechanic analytical approach for graphene is drastically felt. There are many approaches to analyze a graphene and other nonoplates mechanically, however, they can be divided into two bunches: first, the methods that consider graphene or other nonoplates downright, and second, the methods that consider interactions between graphene and other nonoplates with their

The first cluster of approaches is often the Molecular Dynamics (MD) method. It is very powerful method has furthered scientists in their case studies. Sheehan et al. utilized the molecular dynamics methodology for analyzing the effect of solvents on reaction kinetics and post reaction separation is presented [19]. Kresse et al. used ab initio molecular dynamics to predict the wave functions for new ionic positions using sub-space alignment [20].With the ability to examine atomic-scale dynamics in great detail, researchers have used MD to gain new insight into problems that have been resistant to theoretical solution, such as solid fracture [21], surface friction [22], and plasticity [23]. For example, a 10-nm cubic domain of a metal can be simulated only for times less than around 10-10 s, even on very large parallel machines [22]. Increases in this simulation time require a proportional reduction in the number of atoms simulated. The results of such a simulation therefore can rarely be compared directly to experiments, since laboratory observations of these sorts of mechanical phenomena are usually made on much larger length and time scales. One possible approach that can be applied to many problems is to use MD only in localized regions in which the atomic-scale dynamics are important and a continuum simulation method (such as finite elements) everywhere else. This general approach has been taken by several different groups of researchers. Abraham et al. [24,

examined [18].

surrounding environment.

2 Graphene - New Trends and Developments

Graphene has a honeycomb network that could have ripple in the surface. Ripples can induce the local electrical and optical properties of graphene. Three different types of graphenes can be defined: single-layer graphene (SG), bilayer graphene (BG), and few-layer graphene (FG, number of layers).

Typically, the important properties of graphene are a quantum Hall effect at room temperature, an ambipolar electric field effect along with ballistic conduction of charge carriers, tunable band gap, and high elasticity. Although graphene is expected to be perfectly flat, ripples occur because of thermal fluctuations. Ideally, graphene is a single-layer material, but graphene samples with two or more layers are being investigated with equal interest.

There are now four primary ways to produce 'pristine' graphene:

	- **•** Substrate-free gas-phase synthesis of graphene platelets in a microwave plasma reactor
	- **•** Arc discharge synthesis of multi-layered graphene
