**Meet the editors**

Bernardo Llamas Moya is a Lecturer at UPM Technical University of Madrid. He has worked with the private sector in research and development projects and in the search for technologies to combat climate change. He has also collaborated on projects dealing with carbon dioxide capture for storage in deep geological formations and headed projects on carbon dioxide sequestration using microalgae

systems and the production of bio-methane for the automobile sector. As well as his research and teaching on project management, he is also involved with INERGYCLEAN TECH, a new company which develops technologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the energy sector.

Juan Pous was Director of Innovation at multinational infrastructures and services company Sacyr for 10 years, during which time he was responsible for quality, the environment, and R&D&I. His mission was to reduce the firm's carbon footprint, manage carbon dioxide emission quotas, reduce energy consumption among the company's multiple construction, industrial and services activities,

and participate in drawing up the company's annual sustainability and CSR reports. Holds a Doctorate in Mining Engineering and is an Associate Lecturer at UPM Technical University of Madrid since 1996, where he has been a principal investigator on many projects, including three on improving energy efficiency, developing projects to calculate and certify carbon footprints, and developing models for carbon dioxide capture for storage in deep geological formations.

### Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Zuzana Jelínková, Jan Moudrý Jr, Jan Moudrý, Marek Kopecký and Jaroslav Bernas

Chapter 13 **Carbon Footprint as a Tool to Limit Greenhouse Gas Emissions 285**

Francesco Fantozzi and Pietro Bartocci

## Preface

Chapter 8 **Methane Emissions from Rice Production in the United States — A Review of Controlling Factors and Summary of**

Alden D. Smartt, Kristofor R. Brye and Richard J. Norman

Fernando López-Valdez , Fabián Fernández-Luqueño , Carolina

Lilong Chai, Chengwei Ma, Baoju Wang, Mingchi Liu and Zhanhui

Veerasamy Sejian, Raghavendra Bhatta, Pradeep Kumar Malik, Bagath Madiajagan, Yaqoub Ali Saif Al-Hosni, Megan Sullivan and

**Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Agriculture and Food**

Zuzana Jelínková, Jan Moudrý Jr, Jan Moudrý, Marek Kopecký and

Chapter 9 **Greenhouse Gases Production from Some Crops Growing**

Pérez-Morales and Mariana Miranda-Arámbula

Chapter 10 **Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Winter Production**

Chapter 11 **Livestock as Sources of Greenhouse Gases and Its Significance**

Chapter 12 **Life Cycle Assessment Method – Tool for Evaluation of**

Chapter 13 **Carbon Footprint as a Tool to Limit Greenhouse Gas**

Francesco Fantozzi and Pietro Bartocci

**Under Greenhouse Conditions 209**

**of Agricultural Greenhouses 225**

**to Climate Change 243**

John B. Gaughan

**Processing 261**

Jaroslav Bernas

**Emissions 285**

**Research 179**

**VI** Contents

Wu

After the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21), at which 195 participating countries agreed to take measures to reduce greenhouse gases, it was agreed to support measures to limit global warming to below 2°C.

According to forecasts by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this measure may be possible if the level of carbon dioxide in the environment remains below 450 ppm. However, the concentration continues to increase and recent figures recorded at Mauna Loa (January 2016) showed CO2 levels of 402 ppm.

Accordingly, it is now time to implement technological measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by industry - the use of fossil fuels has been clearly identified as the leading factor in greenhouse gas emissions, principally in the electric power and transport industries. In the former, where coal and natural gas are the main sources of primary energy, reducing CO2 emissions obviously requires improving energy efficiency, using fuels with a lower car‐ bon content, and CO2 capture and storage. We must also, of course, remember the urgent need to make renewable energies the prime source of power generation, although they cur‐ rently account for only a small percentage and the International Energy Agency forecasts that fossil fuels will continue to be used for some time.

The book opens by addressing how to change the model of the energy sector, as the primary issuer of greenhouse gasses (accounting for 60% of the total), focusing on the industrial sec‐ tor. This change will necessarily involve redesigning business strategies. The same chapter also examines the overriding need for energy in order for societies to develop (developing countries).

The book then analyses recent advances in CO2 capturing, another valid strategy to address the problem, transport (from site of emission to place of storage), and even storage in deep geological formations. Although, there are other scientific and technical currents that main‐ tain which should be used for other industrial purposes (the molecule can be used for nutri‐ tion purposes and also massively in hydrocarbon exploitation techniques). Accordingly, we also discuss initiatives for its use in industry, including an innovative technology for its use in macrofouling remediation, carbon dioxide sequestration using microalgae systems and, lastly, to improve yields in greenhouse agriculture.

However, it is also necessary to reduce emissions of other greenhouse gasses, including methane, which has a radiative capacity 23-25 times higher than that of CO2. This gas is emitted by the agro-industrial sector, the digestion of the organic part of solid urban waste, and other industrial sectors; the book examines the first of these sectors in depth. Consid‐ ered diffuse emissions, reducing and quantifying them as methods to estimate overall greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural and husbandry sub-sectors, is a challenge.

The book concludes with the measures to be taken to analyse greenhouse gas emissions; an‐ alysing their life cycle and calculating their carbon footprint, which are two most commonly accepted methods.

Accordingly, this book offers meaningful examples from the scientific world of how to miti‐ gate and slow down climate change. Although other sectors remain outside the scope of this work, in the future we intend to publish further volumes discussing efforts made in other sectors to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

A few final words that we cannot afford to forget – the time is now! There is no excuse for each of us not to contribute in our own way to the fight against climate change. The sum of all our efforts is what will help us to roll back this pressing environmental problem.

> **Bernardo Llamas Moya** UPM Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain INERGYCLEAN Technology, Almeria, Spain

> **Juan Pous** UPM Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
