Preface

Chapter 7 **Kampo, a Traditional Japanese Medicine, for the Body, Mind,**

Chapter 9 **Role of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Drug Addiction 195**

Chapter 10 **Distant Healing Techniques and Distant Intercessory Prayer – A**

Chapter 11 **Why is Qi-Invigorating Therapy in Chinese Medicine Suitable**

**for Mitochondrial Diseases? A Bioenergetic Perspective 243**

Chapter 8 **Yoga & Qigong — A Self-reliant Practice for Health of**

Anfeng Xiang, Boyuan Zhang and Sheng Liu

**Tentative Scientific Conciliation 219** Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros

Xing-Tai Li, Hai-Xue Kuang and Jia Zhao

Shin Takayama, Takehiro Numata, Natsumi Saito, Soichiro Kaneko

**and Soul 163**

and Tetsuharu Kamiya

**Body & Mind 177** Ping-chung Leung

**Section 3 Soul 217**

**VI** Contents

The most widespread term for non-orthodox treatments is "Complementary and Alternative Medicine" (CAM). The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, agency of the US National Institutes of Health, defines CAM as a group of diverse medical and healthcare interventions, practices, products, or disciplines that are not generally con‐ sidered part of conventional medicine [1]. A critique of this term involves the inconsistency in gathering under the same term the words "Complementary" and "Alternative." The first word refers to a method that can be joined together with the conventional medicine, where‐ as the last word is associated to something used instead of it. For the purposes of the present book, the editors prefer the term Complementary Therapies (CT), which refers to the thera‐ peutic practices that have been studied and have the potential to complement the orthodox therapeutic approach.

Defining CT is difficult, because the field is very broad and constantly changing. Generally, they are understood as the practices, products, or health systems that are outside the realm of conventional medicine, used to treat disease, or to promote health and well-being.

These therapies fulfill unmet needs at conventional treatment and diversify the conceptual framework of medicine. Modern medicine achieved amazing progresses but, in recent years, many patients have shown dissatisfaction with conventional medicine due to its mostly technical approach, the morbidity by side effects of the treatment, the high costs associated, and absence of cure for some diseases. In this scenario, there is a growing interest of patients about CT worldwide [2], as these practices also are increasingly being offered in renowned health services.

An approach oriented for a broader meaning of healing should combine in a coordinated way treatments from conventional medicine and complementary therapies. Modernly, this is achieved by the "Integrative Medicine" approach. This is aligned to the concept of patientcentered healthcare, which is the comprehensive provision of what an individual needs par‐ ticularly. However, it is a challenge to provide ethical, medically responsible counseling and provision of CT that respects and acknowledges the patient's values. The boundaries be‐ tween CT and conventional medicine are not absolute, as the scientific knowledge advances. The body of evidence on the efficacy and safety of different types of CT is dynamic and re‐ quires constant updating by health professionals.

CT may be classified in different paradigms of health and illness [3]. The body paradigm encompasses CT that work through biologic mechanisms, targeting biologic factors as the primary determinants of health. The mind paradigm extends the body paradigm to include factors such as stress, psychological coping styles, and social supports as primary determi‐ nants of health and disease. The spirit paradigm assumes that one or more transcendental aspects or personalities existing outside the limitations of the material universe can influ‐ ence health and disease.

The title of this book includes the words body, mind, and soul. The body and the mind (and their reciprocal relations) have been extensively studied scientifically. What about the soul? One can view the soul from scientific, theological, and philosophical perspectives [4–7]. The soul is frequently associated to a brain product, so a component of mind. But we could un‐ derstand the soul as the transpersonal spirit, the ethereal and immaterial essence of the indi‐ vidual, what constitutes the individuality. Thus, the soul is different from mind, understood as the awareness (consciousness), memory, emotion, and cognition (intellect). However, there are still undefined interfaces among them, such as coping styles, mystical experiences, and phenomena such as near-death experiences.

#### **About the chapters**

On the BODY section, Yu-Chiang Hung et al. reviewed the Chinese vision to the treatment of atherosclerosis-related diseases. The association of traditional herbs, acupuncture, kinesiother‐ apy, and meditation is welcome, as they could support the control of such chronic condition, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Shuqing Ding et al. bring us more than 20 years of clinical and research practice about the role of acupuncture in chronic functional consti‐ pation, besides all the theoretic bases for treatment with Western and Eastern medicines. Hijika‐ ta Yasuyo has brought 35 years of experience with patients in severe complex conditions treated successfully with Kampo and/or TCM. Mohammad Reza VaezMahdavi et al. described atti‐ tudes and opinions of Iranian traditional medicine regarding low back pain, based on the thera‐ peutic theory in Iranian traditional medicine. Milad Iranshahy et al. discussed the approach of Islamic traditional medicine to treat cancer, linking it to the current knowledge about cytotoxic and antitumor activities of the medicinal plants used.

On the MIND section, Takayama Shin shared this amazing experience about the traditional Japanese medicine Kampo. May this text inspire other people for the usage of their regional traditional medicines, either in moments of catastrophe or on a regular basis. Okjin Kim et al. wrote about the therapies based on animal-assisted intervention, discoursing about definition, history, benefits, and the utility in rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Ping-chung Leung ex‐ plored the common components in the fundamental practices of both Indian Yoga and Chinese Qigong, such as stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments; controlled breathing; and medi‐ tation. Liu Sheng explored the role of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction, reassur‐ ing the importance of this technique in confronting this so terrible evil.

On the SOUL section, Marcelo Saad et al. exposed a possibility to conciliate the scattered data about distant healing techniques and at the same time overcome their apparent contra‐ dictions. And Xing-Tai Li proposed a scientific hypothesis relating the Chinese concepts of Qi (or Chi) energy and the Western concepts of mitochondrial bioenergy. The book empha‐ sizes the cited CT within the context of integrative medicine, and their role in healing and wellness, as enhancement to conventional treatment. We hope you find in the present work the sincere desire to collaborate with the dissemination of knowledge. May this book be use‐ ful and pleasant to you.

> **Marcelo Saad** Medical Spiritist Association of S. Paulo, S. Paulo, Brazil Medical College of Acupuncture of S. Paulo, Brazil

## **References**

The title of this book includes the words body, mind, and soul. The body and the mind (and their reciprocal relations) have been extensively studied scientifically. What about the soul? One can view the soul from scientific, theological, and philosophical perspectives [4–7]. The soul is frequently associated to a brain product, so a component of mind. But we could un‐ derstand the soul as the transpersonal spirit, the ethereal and immaterial essence of the indi‐ vidual, what constitutes the individuality. Thus, the soul is different from mind, understood as the awareness (consciousness), memory, emotion, and cognition (intellect). However, there are still undefined interfaces among them, such as coping styles, mystical experiences,

On the BODY section, Yu-Chiang Hung et al. reviewed the Chinese vision to the treatment of atherosclerosis-related diseases. The association of traditional herbs, acupuncture, kinesiother‐ apy, and meditation is welcome, as they could support the control of such chronic condition, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Shuqing Ding et al. bring us more than 20 years of clinical and research practice about the role of acupuncture in chronic functional consti‐ pation, besides all the theoretic bases for treatment with Western and Eastern medicines. Hijika‐ ta Yasuyo has brought 35 years of experience with patients in severe complex conditions treated successfully with Kampo and/or TCM. Mohammad Reza VaezMahdavi et al. described atti‐ tudes and opinions of Iranian traditional medicine regarding low back pain, based on the thera‐ peutic theory in Iranian traditional medicine. Milad Iranshahy et al. discussed the approach of Islamic traditional medicine to treat cancer, linking it to the current knowledge about cytotoxic

On the MIND section, Takayama Shin shared this amazing experience about the traditional Japanese medicine Kampo. May this text inspire other people for the usage of their regional traditional medicines, either in moments of catastrophe or on a regular basis. Okjin Kim et al. wrote about the therapies based on animal-assisted intervention, discoursing about definition, history, benefits, and the utility in rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Ping-chung Leung ex‐ plored the common components in the fundamental practices of both Indian Yoga and Chinese Qigong, such as stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments; controlled breathing; and medi‐ tation. Liu Sheng explored the role of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction, reassur‐

On the SOUL section, Marcelo Saad et al. exposed a possibility to conciliate the scattered data about distant healing techniques and at the same time overcome their apparent contra‐ dictions. And Xing-Tai Li proposed a scientific hypothesis relating the Chinese concepts of Qi (or Chi) energy and the Western concepts of mitochondrial bioenergy. The book empha‐ sizes the cited CT within the context of integrative medicine, and their role in healing and wellness, as enhancement to conventional treatment. We hope you find in the present work the sincere desire to collaborate with the dissemination of knowledge. May this book be use‐

**Marcelo Saad**

Medical Spiritist Association of S. Paulo, S. Paulo, Brazil Medical College of Acupuncture of S. Paulo, Brazil

and phenomena such as near-death experiences.

and antitumor activities of the medicinal plants used.

ing the importance of this technique in confronting this so terrible evil.

**About the chapters**

VIII Preface

ful and pleasant to you.

[1] Anonymous - National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Exploring the Science of Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Third Strategic Plan 2011–2015. NIH Publication No. 11-7643. USA, February 2011.

[2] Saad M. Preface. In Saad M, de Medeiros R (eds.) Complementary Therapies for the Con‐ temporary Healthcare (ISBN 978-953-51-0801-6). InTech, 2012. DOI: 10.5772/3307.

[3] Tataryn DJ. Paradigms of health and disease: A framework for classifying and under‐ standing complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Alternative and Complemen‐ tary Medicine. 2002;8(6):877-892.

[4] Perakis CR. What About the Soul? Academic Medicine. 2013;88(10):1521.

[5] Dolan B. Soul searching: A brief history of the mind/body debate in the neurosciences. Neurosurgical Focus. 2007;23(1):E2.

[6] Santoro G, Wood MD, Merlo L, et al. The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: A journey through Western history, sci‐ ence, and philosophy. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(4):633-643.

[7] Walach H. Mind – Body – Spirituality. Mind & Matter. 2007;5(2):215-240.

**Section 1**

**Body**
