**5.1. Chemical precipitation**

The dissolved inorganic components can be removed by adding an acid or alkali, by changing the temperature, or by precipitation as a solid. The precipitate can be removed by sedimenta‐ tion, flotation, or other solid removal processes [1]. Although chemical precipitation (coagu‐ lation, flocculation) is still implemented, it is highly recommended to substitute the chemical precipitation process by phytoremediation (see previous section), where the trend is to ramp up the implementation of bioremediation and phytoremediation to reduce the use of chemi‐ cals, which is in line with the "Green Development".

**Figure 48.** Schematic diagram of the essential components of an MFC [33].
