*3.2.1. Domestic waste flow estimations*

**3.1. Preparation for model input data**

184 Wastewater Treatment Engineering

**3.2. Wastewater sampling strategy**

Shahdara catchment (Before bridge on Murree road)

Col. Amanullah Road catchment

Hathala catchment

Kiani road catchment

Shahdara catchment (After bridge on Murree road)

statistical measures, such as coefficient of determination (*R2*

Efficiency (*Ews*), were used to evaluate model prediction. The *R2*

catchments (Figure 2), the particulars of which are shown in Table 1.

**Location Geographic Coordinates Area (ha)**

10' 23.7128" E

44' 12.0721" N

10' 23.7128" E

44' 13.0822" N

11' 38.9016" E

44' 38.2142" N

10' 42.1186" E

43' 35.1740" N

10' 37.0289" E

43' 29.6024" N

73o

33o

73o

33o

73o

33o

73o

33o

73o

33o

**Table 1.** Location of sampling points and type of activities in the study area.

The image was classified into seven land use/land cover classes, e.g., conifer forest, scrub forest, agriculture land, rangeland, bare soil, built-up land, and water bodies. The image classification was undertaken using the maximum likelihood rule, which provides reliable classification results [26]. Rainfall-runoff model SWAT was calibrated for the target watershed. The

of relationship between the observed and simulated values, while the latter coefficient

To complement wastewater related quantifications, a wastewater sampling study was designed by selecting Bharakaho sub-watershed due to its highest population density; rapid urbanization rate, location near to dam site, and existence of significant commercial and industrial activities, thus posing high potential of wastewater yield. Wastewater quality was monitored continuously for over 14 months in terms of eight parameters and results were analyzed in temporal and spatial context. Advanced statistical tools were employed to further investigate significance levels for temporal and spatial variability. The quantifications of wastewater pollution were performed using empirical relationships for domestic, industrial, and commercial land uses. Review of available wastewater management related options was made and based on a robustly developed criterion, the feasible option was recommended. Five catchments and their drainage pattern were delineated in Bharakaho sub-watershed using GIS tools. The sampling points were selected based upon physical surveys at outlets of these

indicates how well the plot of observed versus simulated value fits the 1:1 line.

) and Nash-Suttchiffe Simulation

value is an indicator of strength

**Total Industrial and Commercial Activities**

132 3

25 7

169 20

189 19

160 11

The relationship in Eq. 1 was used for the estimation of domestic waste flow from the study area.

$$\mathbf{Q\_{DW}} = \mathbf{P\_t} \times \mathbf{q} \tag{1}$$
