**5. Conclusion**

Exercise is a known modulator of all parameters listed above: glycemia, eHSP70, iHSP70, IL-6, TNF-α, and ROS. Intracellular and extracellular HSP70 have different roles in the regulation of "immune-metabolic" homeostasis as well as cytokines. Equilibrium is also obtained by exercise in redox state by improving antioxidant defenses in the muscle and between pro/antiinflammatory cytokines production. Reduction or prevention of obesity by active muscles can be considered key to the process. By metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects, exercise represents a good and safe strategy against insulin resistance induced by age and lifestyle factors (Figure 4).

**Figure 4.** Exercise as a strategy against muscle insulin resistance induced by aging and lifestyle.
