**7. Conclusion**

Vascular remodeling encompasses a series of complex biological pathways and involves the phenotype change of VSMCs, EC dysfunction, as well as macrophage activation. The alteration of VSMCs, ECs, and macrophage cellular functions is related to the various extracellular stimulus-dependent changes in transcriptional regulation, which is regulated by miRNAs. Thus, the identification of stimuli-dependent vascular remodeling which affects miRNA expression in different vascular cell types is imperative. The augmenting or inhibiting of the expression levels of specific miRNAs may provide opportunity for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic application to treating diverse vascular pathologies. In addition, extracellular circulating miRNAs have been reported to be altered under specific pathologic conditions, implicating their usage as biomarkers for specific diseases including cardiovascu‐ lar disease. Although there are unsolved issues of the efficiency and safety of using miRNAs in diagnosis and therapy, accumulating evidence indicate that continuous research on the functions and mechanisms of miRNAs and the identification of a network between miRNAs and their targets is highly recommended and the results will expand our understanding of vascular remodeling and diseases.
