**Author details**

also successfully applied in the determination of oxytetracycline in environmental waters [162], and the results showed that there was no irreversible adsorption of oxytetracycline in the stationary phase, which shows that the silica column may be used in the determination of tetracycline antibiotics in HILIC mode with no peaks distortion, providing a different under‐

As prospects for the area of liquid chromatography applied to the study of antibiotics, the identification of metabolites and processing products as well as even lower detection ranges

HPLC is also closely linked to applied environmental legislation because today, for the vast majority of antibiotics, there is no maximum permissible concentration established by the

Studies on bioremediation and advanced processes of wastewater treatment, such as chemical and photochemical oxidation through advanced oxidation processes (AOP), ozonolysis, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactors, etc., are likely to use high-performance liquid chromatography as key tool in monitoring antibiotic degradation processes in artificial

Veterinary antibiotics have become an integral component in maintaining animal health, and although they have been used in large quantities for some decades, the existence of these substances in the environment has received little importance until recently. It is only in recent years that a more complex investigation of antibiotic substances has been undertaken in order

This chapter showed that the fate of antibiotics in soil–water systems and their effects on plants, soil, and aquatic organisms have been heavily studied through chromatographic analysis and toxicity test with many species. The multianalyte methods using SPE, LC/MS, LC/MS/MS, ASE, and others described in the chapter have been used to show the occurrence and transport of

The environmental dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their relationship with human health has also been the objective of this study and needs to be investigated in greater depths by health and regulatory bodies so that a compromise can be made when it comes to the prudent use of VAs and their risk to human health and the environment in general.

The authors would like to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (2013/08143-5) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Develop‐

to permit an assessment of the environmental risks they may pose.

antibiotics from their sources into the environment.

ment (456720/2014-6) for the financial support.

standing of what was previously found in the literature.

134 Emerging Pollutants in the Environment - Current and Further Implications

and quantification limits is highlighted.

legislation.

or natural environments.

**Acknowledgements**

**7. Final remarks**

Rafael Grossi Botelho1\*, Sérgio Henrique Monteiro2 and Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo1

\*Address all correspondence to: rafaelgrossib@hotmail.com

1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

2 Instituto Biológico, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Proteção Ambiental, São Paulo, Brazil
