**Nomenclature**

**Microorganism Type Metal Reference**

*Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus foetidus*, and

*Penicillium simplicissimum*

14 Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil

**Table 3.** Sorption potential of certain microorganisms to remove heavy metals.

conditions, the target pollutant and various other factors.

zation of biosorbents, and advances in genetic engineering are required.

*Agaricus bisporus* Cd, Zn 75 *Aspergillus fumigatus* Pb 32 *Aspergillus versicolor* Cr, Ni, Cu 31 *Aspergillus*, *Mucor*, *Penicillium* and *Rhizopus* Cd, Cu, Fe 77

*Ganoderma lucidum, Penicillium* spp. Ar 76 *Penicillium canescens* Cr 30

*Candida tropicalis* Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn 79 *Candida utilis* Cd 37 *Pichia guilliermondii* Cu 79 *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn 36 *Streptomyces longwoodensis* Pb 80

Natural and anthropogenic activities generate large quantities of aqueous effluents containing toxic metals. Many studies have been conducted in recent decades aimed at lowering metal concentrations derived from natural resources. In addition, considerable effort has been made to develop efficient and cost-effective technologies and apply them to industrial wastewater treatment. The potential for microorganisms to remove metals from solutions through passive and active mechanisms has been shown to be an interesting approach to metal uptake in polluted waters, and the efficiency of such processes is dependent on the experimental

The application of this type of bioremediation process in large scale remains, however, a challenge, and a preventive approach to metal pollution problems is therefore encouraged. Further investigations aimed at the identification of the mechanisms involved the characteri‐

Many microorganisms can break down metals naturally, but this is not a sufficient solution on a global scale. Therefore, as a means to resolve this problem, engineered microorganisms can be developed with the help of genetic engineering. A better understanding of the way in which both eukaryotes and prokaryotes metabolize heavy metals and the detoxification pathways will help future researchers to deal with this type of environmental problem with maximum efficiency. The choice of the most promising type of biomass must be made, taking into account its cost and availability, and this is necessary on an industrial scale. The micro‐

Ni, Co, Mo, V, Mn, Fe, W,

78

Zn

Fungi

Yeast

**6. Conclusions**
