**5.1. Approach of treatment**

It is well known that the environmental behavior and toxicity of trace elements and radionu‐ clides depend strongly on their physicochemical forms (i.e., speciation) in the environment [60]. In this study, the applied treatments involve four steps achieved sequentially for each approach. Selective extraction of the different radium species present in TE-NORM waste, such as water-soluble species, exchangeable, carbonates, reducible species, oxidizable organics becomes allowed.
