**6. Proteins and biomedicines produced in plants**

Plants are able to produce those bacterial and viral recombinant antigens that preserve the capability of making the structures Type IV similar to those witnessed in mammalian systems, and the post-translational modifications are operated to maintain the biological activity of proteins. The most important issue is vaccine production in the edible tissues of transgenic plants, which is a very safe and effective method in vaccination.

The biomedicines produced in plants are as follows:


**•** Pharmaceutical proteins: Some samples of biomedicines recently expressed in plants include *erythropoietin, interferon*, hirudin, aprotinin, Leu-enkephalin, somatotropin of human growth hormone [55, 56].

corn, have been cited as the superior ones. Maize has abundant advantages, such as having the highest rate of biomass yield among food crops and ease of transformation and production increase [47]. The high amount of protein (20%-40%) in the grains of legumes with remarkable levels of self-pollination in soy and peas is the main reason for transgenes of these plants for

**5. Predicting the intracellular localization of the recombinant protein**

various proteins are produced in different intercellular segments [51].

**6. Proteins and biomedicines produced in plants**

plants, which is a very safe and effective method in vaccination.

The biomedicines produced in plants are as follows:

and light chains [52-54].

The importance of intracellular localization of proteins is due to the functional consequences of proteins. Therefore, the problem of intracellular localization of amino acid sequences has been the subject of great attention in the community of bioinformatics. Thus, various methods, like searching for targeted signals, have been presented with respect to a prediction that

Plants are able to produce those bacterial and viral recombinant antigens that preserve the capability of making the structures Type IV similar to those witnessed in mammalian systems, and the post-translational modifications are operated to maintain the biological activity of proteins. The most important issue is vaccine production in the edible tissues of transgenic

**•** Antigens for the production of edible vaccines: Antigens, used for generating an immune response resulting in immunity against diseases in human proteins, are expressed from different pathogens in plants. Those vaccines derived from plants have been so far induced

**•** Monoclonal antibodies: Widespread application of antibodies has lead to the study of new methods in order to strengthen efficiency and reduce the cost of producing antibodies. Among the studied methods, using transgenic plants as bioreactors are known as the most efficient one. While designing therapeutic antibodies in the production of recombinant expression systems, the apprehension of the functioning mechanisms of antibodies is essential. Although the primary function of antibodies is actualized by binding to antigens, it does not act as a protective performance. Some antibodies have a direct neutralizing impact, for instance blocking the bacteria or the active sites of the pathogenic factors such as enzymes. The antibodies produced in plants incorporate Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgA and IgG shimmer molecules, IgG and IgA secreted molecules, Single-Chain variable fragment, fragment antigen-binding, and second variable of heavy

immunity against rabies virus, hepatitis B, rotavirus, HIV, and other pathogens.

protein accumulation [48-50].

32 Plants for the Future

**•** Non-pharmaceutical proteins derived from plants or industrial proteins belong mainly to the enzymes that include avidin, trypsin, aprotinin, β-*glucocerebrosidase, peroxidase* and *cellulose,* etc., listed by Basaran and Rodriguez-Cerezo [73] and now available in the market. Molecular farming of destructive enzymes of the cell walls such as cellulose, *hemicellulase,* xylanase, and particularly *ligninase* provide a great status for the biofuel industry respecting cellulosic ethanol [57, 58].
