**Author details**

late or misdiagnosis. Furthermore, TB and HIV as well the coinfection mostly affect poor and

Changes in both innate and adaptive immune response demand well-organized clinical and laboratory studies to understand possible mechanisms by which HIV and TB disrupt in perfect

DC-SIGN – Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrins

developing regions where competent health care is hardly accessible.

and fatal cooperation the immune system of the host.

AAM – Alternatively activated macrophages

CAM – Classically activated macrophages

HIV – Human immuno deficiency virus

MBTC – *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* complex MHC – Major histocompatibility complex MIP – Macrophage inflammatory protein

NOD – Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

RANTES – Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

Tim-3 – T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule

CCL – CC chemokine ligand

66 Immunopathology and Immunomodulation

CTL – Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

iNOS – Nitric oxide synthetase

NK – Natural killer cells

NO – Nitric oxide

TB – Tuberculosis

NLR – NOD-like receptors

PD-1 – Programmed death-1

ROS – Reactive oxygen species

TGF – Transforming growth factor

AIDS – Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

**Abbreviatons**

IFN – Interferon IL – Interleukin

Tatina T. Todorova1\*, Gabriela Tsankova1 , Neli Lodozova1,2 and Tcvetelina Kostadinova2

\*Address all correspondence to: tatina.todorova@abv.bg

1 Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Varna, Bulgaria

2 TRS "Medical laboratory assistant", Medical College, Medical University Varna, Bulgaria

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## **Chapter 5**
