Bogdanka Andric, Aleksandar Andric and Mileta Golubovic

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61534

#### **Abstract**

[98] Huang S, Armstrong EA, Benavente S, Chinnaiyan P, Harari PM. Dual-agent molec‐ ular targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR): combining anti-EGFR

[99] Rose WC, Wild R. Therapeutic synergy of oral taxane BMS-275183 and cetuximab

[100] Abuqayyas L, Balthasar JP. Investigation of the Role of Fc gamma R and FcRn in mAb distribution to the brain. *Mol Pharm*. 2012 Aug 23. doi: 10.1021/mp300214k. [101] Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, Pan‐ oskaltsis N. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody

[102] Stüve O, Gold R, Chan A, Mix E, Zettl U, Kieseier BC. Alpha4-Integrin antagonism with natalizumab: effects and adverse effects. *J Neurol.* 2008; 255 Suppl. 6: 58–65. doi:

antibody with tyrosine kinase inhibitor. *Cancer Res*. 2004; 64(15):5355–62.

versus human tumor xenografts. *Clin Cancer Res*. 2004; 10(21):7413–7.

TGN1412. *N Eng J Med.* 2006; 355:1018–28

10.1007/s00415-008-6011-0.

286 Immunopathology and Immunomodulation

Montenegro is an endemic country for a significant number of vector-borne diseases (VBD). Natural conditions and geographical position (Mediterranean area) are favorable for the existence of the disease, and its expansion (1). Current vector-borne transmissible parasitic infections that haves been registered in Montenegro includes: leishmaniasis, babesiosis, malaria, and filariasis (dirofilariasis).

The causers of leishmaniasis are the members of protozoa leishmania species (spp). The phlebotomies are the primary vectors in transmission of parasites. Documented cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1992 to 2014 in Montenegro present 84 cases with of Kala-azar, and the 1 case of skin leishmaniasis. In 2014 the coinfection of leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS for the first time was registered in one case.

Babesiosis is a parasitic infection similar to malaria.

In transmission of parasites, the primary vectors have different tick species, possibly the other blood meal vectors (sand flies, mosquitoes, and bugs).

Dispersion of the infection in the worldwide is enabled by a wide range of reservoirs of parasites. Examinations in Europe proved that babesia is the most frequent agent of co-infection together with *Borrelia burgdorferi*. The first diagnosed cases of human babesiosis in Montenegro were registered in 2011. By the end of 2013, 12 cases were diagnosed. The coinfection of babesia and B.burgdorferi were registered in 73% cases.

Malaria is the most known parasitic transmissible disease in the world. The causative agent is *Plasmodium*, a genus of *Apicomplexa*, which is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus *Anopheles*. In Montenegro, the disease was officially eradicated after World War II, but we continuously register 04 cases of imported malaria per year (sailors, travelers to endemic areas). These facts are significant because of the existence of the

© 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

transfers and the favorable conditions for their maintenance, and therefore the fear that the epidemiological focus can be rebuilt.

In 2014 one case of human dirofilariasis was diagnosed for the first time in Montenegro.

**Keywords:** Leishmaniasis, Babesiosis, Malaria, Dirofilariasis
