**Author details**

nutraceuticals include arginine, which boosts immune function, prevents infection, and repairs tissue after surgery; omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties minimizing the risk for cancer cachexia; ribonucleic acid (RNA), which may stimulate immune cell division and activity; taurine, which reduces inflammation; vitamin C or ascorbic acid, which supports immune function and promotes wound healing; selenium, which supports immune function preventing infection; turmeric, which has anti-inflammatory effects especially at the postoperative stage; vitamins B12, B6, and B1, which may prevent post-operative immunosup‐ pression; zinc, which is important for normal immune system function; and wound healing after surgery [111]. Also, natural products of alternative medicines, such as botanical or herbal plant derivatives, and mind–body practices under an integrative medicine approach may enhance the anticancer effects of conventional anticancer treatments, reducing their systemic toxicity; alleviate clinical symptoms including pain, which are induced by cancer; and prolong survival rates of cancer patients mainly by enhancing tumor immune responses via overex‐ pression of classic MHC molecules, induction of apoptosis in tumor cells via the Fas/FasL pathway, and elimination of oncogenic cancer stem cells by inhibiting tumor immunoresist‐ ance [112–115]. Further, alternative medicine therapeutic strategies may reverse the tumorinduced immunosuppressive phenotype regulating the antitumor properties of the immune cells of the cancer patients by enhancing the antitumor abilities of T lymphocytes, regulating the M1/M2 phenotypes of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), eliminating myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSC), enhancing antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells

Generally, by using an integrative medicine immunotherapeutic approach where alternative medicine practice which follows a multitargeted and bidirectional regulation may compensate for deficiencies of conventional orthodox western medicine, which is characterized by specificity, we may achieve a synergistic effect concerning circumvention of tumor-induced immunosuppression and enhancement of antitumor immunomodulation followed by minimization or elimination of side effects prolonging the survival rate of advanced stage and

The key is to treat each cancer patient under a precision or personalized evidence-based medicine approach, which must rely on clinomics, including transcriptomics, genomics, immunomics, lipidomics, glycomics, proteomics, metabolomics, nutrigenomics, and mainly epigenomics, whose alterations in their noncoding RNA genes are reversible especially with immunonutrition. The precise immunotherapeutic approach against cancer may act synerg‐ istically with conventional anticancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radio‐ therapy combined with therapies based on molecular targeting, which are tailored for each patient on a pharmacogenomic basis. Also, they can be combined with nanomedicine for specific molecular targeting and circumvention of biological milieu interactions, which may tremendously enhance therapeutic efficacy with simultaneous reduction of systemic toxicity.

(DCs), and regulating the secretion of Th1/Th2 immune factors.

metastatic cancer patients promoting their quality of life [116–121].

**6. Conclusion**

30 Immunopathology and Immunomodulation

John N. Giannios\*

Address all correspondence to: prdrjng@gmail.com

Translational Cancer Medicine, London, UK
