**1. Introduction**

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In urban areas including smaller towns, the presence of ambient artificial particulate matters (PM) (e.g., aged fine PM and asbestos) and biological particles has been one of the main causes of adverse effects on human health and air quality. Bioaerosols are airborne particles of biological origin (e.g., bacteria, fungi, pollen, viruses). Some biological contaminants trigger allergic reactions, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic rhinitis, and some types of asthma.

In Japan, there is peculiar annual variation in these ambient PM due to the sources as well as the changing weather. Most synergistic effects take place during spring because of windborne pollen from trees, especially Japanese cedar trees.

From 1949 to 1970, a large number of Japanese cedar trees were planted in many parts of Japanese Island because of a great demand for new housing after World War II. Planted cedar forests now cover 12% of Japan's total land area, which is more than 45,000 km2 . Vast amounts of pollen, especially from cedar trees, drifts over wide areas every spring [1]. As a result, more and more Japanese over the last 30 years have been affected by pollen allergies.

The air quality in urban area, especially its PM2.5 (less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) level, has become of increasing public concern because of its importance and sensitivity related to health risks [2]. This inhalable PM2.5 is generally emitted from both natural (e.g., volcanic eruptions, forest fires, etc.) and anthropogenic sources (combustion processes in industrial sector and automobiles), and it can also be formed when gases react in the air. Inhalable particles, particularly PM2.5, have been demonstrated to have the greatest impact on human health, visibility reduction, and solar radiation change, especially in densely populated urban areas.

Asbestos, a naturally occurring fibrous mineral, can be found naturally in the outdoor atmosphere and in some drinkable water, including water from natural sources around the

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world [3]. As asbestos had been a popular building material since the 1950s, it is still found in many buildings, including hospitals, schools and homes. Inhaling asbestos fibers is known to cause several serious and even fatal lung diseases. Studies have shown that the non-occupa‐ tionally exposed population have 10,000 - 999,999 asbestos fibers in each gram of dry lung tissue, which translates into millions of fibers and tens of thousands of asbestos bodies in every person's lungs [4]. However, most building material products manufactured today do not contain asbestos. In the industrialized countries, asbestos was phased out of building products mostly in the 1970s, with most of the remainder phased out by the 1980s [5]. In 2006, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued a final ruling banning most asbestoscontaining products with the exception of 5 kinds of materials (e.g., some sealing materials). Those 5 unbanned materials were also banned eventually in 2011. Ever since its initial phase out in 2006 and permanent ban in 2011, it can still be found today in some older buildings and consumer goods. Ambient asbestos fibers will finally be lost in the air and eventually precip‐ itate on the ground. These pieces of asbestos are likely to settle on the soil but can be re-released again into the atmosphere [6].

To assess the impact of both artificial and biological PM on the environment, including air quality, ecosystems, and human health, it is necessary to know its concentration, chemical composition, and the interplay among their components. The ambient outdoor PM in urban areas has seldom been evaluated with respect to both artificial and biological components. In light of this situation, we undertook a field campaign to evaluate the artificial and biological PM in an urban environment in Japan during springtime.
