**Author details**

**6.** It is crucial to promote the use of appropriate extension approaches including the

**7.** Regarding the pastoral systems, there is need for proper investments with institutional support from the public sector in terms of veterinary services, value addition, and marketing and information facilities. In the region, many studies had shown the signifi‐ cant importance of these systems in the national economies of most of the countries in the region, but more efforts in terms of awareness as these facts are not fully appreciated by

**8.** For small scale producers whether they are farmers or pastoralists, there is need to advocate for development interventions that are imposed which will make sustainability impossible, so there is need for interventions that are based on participatory development approach. There is also need for adoption of sustainable natural resource management as

**9.** To tackle problems of marketing and inputs especially for small scale producers (farmers and pastoralists) critically, one of the solutions may be the formation of organizations, policy forums for the producers to help in catering for provision of those services and to

**10.** Support enhancement of policies, regulations and frameworks that foster accessibility to

**11.** To enhance solutions of food insecurity and poverty prevalence, problems facing the large scale irrigated farming systems need to be tackled, below are some examples:

**a.** The management-related problems could be dealt with through inclusion of farmers

**b.** The water-related ones can be solved through formation of water users associations.

**c.** The problems related to land issues could be seen under formulation of proper land

**d.** Soil-related issues such as decline in fertility is better be managed through natural

**12.** Given the expected incidences resulting from the current risks (environmental, climatic, market,), depending on indigenous resilience of the farming systems alone is not enough to create a resilient and transformable agricultural systems. For that, Key technical solutions in terms of sustainable intensifications, policy and market development are

**13.** To promote structural transformative change within the studied farming systems, formulation of appropriate set of policies of land, water and rangelands for sustainable

encouragement of the private sector to invest in this sector.

governments, policy makers and development partners.

viable policy option.

46 Agroecology

advocate for their rights.

policies.

domestic, regional and international markets

fertilization and inter-cropping.

helpful to overcome these difficulties.

co-efficient use of resources.

in the management board of these schemes.

Osman Babikir1\*, Solomon Muchina2 , Ameha Sebsibe3 , Adan Bika4 , Agol Kwai5 , Caroline Agosa6 , George Obhai7 and Samuel Wakhusama8

\*Address all correspondence to: osman.babikir@igad.int

1 Social Economics, Policy and Marketing, IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD), Nairobi, Kenya

2 IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD), Nairobi, Kenya

3 Department for Livestock and Fisheries, ICPALD, Nairobi, Kenya

4 Department for Dryland, Development and Climate Change adaptation, Nairobi, Kenya

5 Department for Animal Health, ICPALD, Nairobi, Kenya

6 Department for Agro-climate, ICPALD, Nairobi, Kenya

7 Department for Monitoring and Evaluation, ICPALD, Nairobi, Kenya

8 Department for Veterinary Governance Project for IGAD Region, Nairobi, Kenya
