**1. Introduction**

[16] Kokich VG. Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines.

[18] Motamedi MH, Tabatabaie FA, Navi F, Shafeie HA, Fard BK, Hayati Z. Assessment of radiographic factors affecting surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment of im‐ pacted canines of the palate: a 15-year retrospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Jun;107(6):772-5. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.12.022.

[19] Sabour S, Vahid Dastjerdi E. Early prediction of maxillary canine impaction from panoramic radiographs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012 Oct;142(4):428; au‐

[20] Seifi M, Vahid-Dastjerdi E, Ameli N, Badiee MR, Younessian F., Amdjadi P. The 808 nm Laser-Assisted Surgery as an Adjunct to Orthodontic Treatment of Delayed

[21] Seifi M, Atri F, Yazdani MM. Effects of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption after artificial socket preservation. Dent Res J (Isfa‐

[22] Seifi M, Eslami B, Saffar AS. The effect of prostaglandin E2 and calcium gluconate on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Eur J Orthod. 2003 Apr;

[23] Seifi M, Badiee MR, Abdolazimi Z, Amdjadi P. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Cell J. 2013 Fall;15(3):230-7. Epub 2013 Aug

[17] Romeo DA, Burstone CJ. Tip-back mechanics. Am J Orthod. 1977 Oct;72(4):414-21.

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Sep;126(3):278-83.

88 A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Volume 2

thor reply 428-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.010.

Tooth Eruption: J Lasers Med Sci 2013; 4(2):70-4

han). 2014 Jan;11(1):61-6.

25(2):199-204.

24.

Tooth impaction is a condition in which the tooth is embedded in the tissues such that its eruption is prevented.[1, 2] Management of impactions is usually either by surgical exposure and forced eruption or surgical extraction; the decision depends upon a multitude of factors that need to be assessed via clinical and radiographic evaluations of the patient before formulating the overall treatment plan. The clinical evaluation includes assessment of:


These factors are among the issues that are influential in deciding whether to expose or to extract the impacted tooth. Patient cooperation and compliance are additional determinants which should be considered before commencing treatment. [3, 4]
