**Author details**

Reza Tabrizi1\* and Barbad Zamiri2

\*Address all correspondence to: tabmed@gmail.com

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Shiraz, Iran

2 Associated Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Shiraz, Iran

### **References**

[1] Jones, N.F. and B.C. Sommerlad, Reconstruction of the zygoma, temporo-mandibular joint and mandible using a compound pectoralis major osteo-muscular flap. Br J Plast Surg, 1983. 36(4): p. 491-7.

[2] Hidalgo, D.A., A.L. Pusic, and F.-C. Wei, Free-flap mandibular reconstruction: a 10 year follow-up study. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2002. 110(2): p. 438-449.

resection and large musculocutaneous paddles in the chimerical version of the flap are advantages of the STFF. This makes it a good choice in elderly patients, when other bone containing free flaps are not indicated because of the related morbidity, when other flaps are not available or when wide composite defects are approached.[42] Fibular and scapular osseous free flaps for oromandibular reconstruction were compared based on a patientcentered approach to flap selection. Results demonstrated the free fibula flaps and subscapular flaps are complementary options for oromandibular reconstruction. The fibular free flaps are ideal for younger patients, extended defects, multiple osteotomies, and limited soft-tissue requirements. The subscapular system free flaps are excellent options for (1) elderly patients; (2) those with significant comorbidities, such as peripheral vascular disease; and (3) mandible defects associated with complex soft-tissue requirements.[43] For immediate mandibular reconstruction, a scapular flap provides short-term results equivalent to those with a fibular flap but with less donor-site morbidity. The major drawbacks of the fibular flap include prolonged healing of the donor site and the delayed mobilization of patients. Although our first choice of vascularized bone graft is the fibular flap, the scapular flap is an alternative for those patients, especially elderly patients, in whom fibula harvest can result in significant morbidity. [44] Minimally invasive harvesting techniques may reduce potential donor-site morbidity. A reverse-flow scapular osteocutaneous flap has been introduced for head and neck reconstruction. The distal end of the thoracodorsal artery and subscapular vein were used in this type of the flap. There has been no report on endoscopically assisted harvesting of the

scapular adipofascial flap. [45, 46]

638 A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Volume 2

Reza Tabrizi1\* and Barbad Zamiri2

\*Address all correspondence to: tabmed@gmail.com

Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Shiraz, Iran

Surg, 1983. 36(4): p. 491-7.

University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Shiraz, Iran

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti

2 Associated Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiraz University of

[1] Jones, N.F. and B.C. Sommerlad, Reconstruction of the zygoma, temporo-mandibular joint and mandible using a compound pectoralis major osteo-muscular flap. Br J Plast

**Author details**

**References**


[29] Blackwell, K.E., Donor site evaluation for fibula free flap transfer. American journal of otolaryngology, 1998. 19(2): p. 89-95.

[16] Santamaria, E., M. Granados, and J.L. Barrera‐Franco, Radial forearm free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction: versatility and reliability of a single donor

[17] Avery, C., Review of the radial free flap: is it still evolving, or is it facing extinction? Part one: soft-tissue radial flap. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

[18] Avery, C., Review of the radial free flap: still evolving or facing extinction? Part two: osteocutaneous radial free flap. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

[19] Dolan, R., Microvascular surgery. Lore and Medina, An atlas of head and neck sur‐

[20] Skoner, J.M., et al., Short‐Term Functional Donor Site Morbidity After Radial Fore‐ arm Fasciocutaneous Free Flap Harvest. The Laryngoscope, 2003. 113(12): p.

[21] Sardesai, M.G., et al., Donor-site morbidity following radial forearm free tissue trans‐ fer in head and neck surgery. Journal of otolaryngology-head & neck surgery= Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, 2008. 37(3): p.

[22] Ahuja, R.B., P. Chatterjee, and P. Shrivastava, A novel route for placing free flap pedicle from a palatal defect. Indian journal of plastic surgery: official publication of

[23] Silberstein, E., et al., Total Lip Reconstruction with Tendinofasciocutaneous Radial

[24] Hanna, T.C., W.S. McKenzie, and J.D. Holmes, Full-Thickness Skin Graft from the Neck for Coverage of the Radial Forearm Free Flap Donor Site. Journal of Oral and

[25] Chung, J., et al., The effect of topically applied tissue expanders on radial forearm skin pliability: a prospective self-controlled study. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head

[26] Wester, J.L., et al., AlloDerm with split-thickness skin graft for coverage of the fore‐ arm free flap donor site. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, 2014. 150(1): p.

[27] Vittayakittipong, P., Donor-site morbidity after fibula free flap transfer: a comparison of subjective evaluation using a visual analogue scale and point evaluation system.

[28] Christopher J.Salgado, S.L.M., Samir Mardani,Fu-chan Wei, Fibula flap. 1th edition

International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2013. 42(8): p. 956-961.

the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India, 2014. 47(2): p. 249.

Forearm Flap. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. 2014.

site. Microsurgery, 2000. 20(4): p. 195-201.

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