*3.3.3. Cytokine dysregulation and coagulopathy in HIV infection*

Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homeostasis of the immune system. Cytokine dysregulation is a major immunopathogenic factor in HIV infection [14]. The rise in serum levels of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines contribute to viral replication and many manifestations of immunodeficiency [15]. Cytokine production can increase viral replication due to its activation role in HIV infected cells [16]. Such cytokines include IL-2, IL-4 and interferon type II (IFN-γ) which primarily are required for expansion aid of antiviral T cells and antibody responses [16].
