**1. Introduction**

HIV infection has maintained a high number of infections in human population. Currently, there are growing population changes and corresponding challenges including new recombi‐ nant circulating forms. The infection is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa with peculiarities in the distribution pattern.

Similarly, distinct transmission models have emanated over the years thus forming a special focal point in the management and prevention of HIV/AIDS. In resource poor settings, management of the disease remains a task as financial, infrastructure, and committed human resources are remarkably low. The current treatment options though widely accepted is still marred with issues of accessibility, resistance, toxicity, and financial burden on the recipient patients. This chapter discusses and brings to concept the current HIV distribution pattern and microbial bioresources deployed as a preventive and treatment option.
