**Author details**

Koichiro Ueda, Osamu Takahashi, Hisao Hiraba\* , Masaru Yamaoka, Enri Nakayama, Kimiko Abe, Mituyasu Sato, Hisako Ishiyama, Akinari Hayashi and Kotomi Sakai

\*Address all correspondence to: hiraba.hisao@nihon-u.ac.jp

Department of Dysphasia Rehabilitation, Physics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Ichikawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

## **References**


[5] Jones B. The pharynx: disorders of function. Radiol Clin North Am 1994; 32: 1103-1115.

**Nomenclature**

116 Seminars in Dysphagia

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

**References**

227.

1997; 18:185-189.

1989; 257: G748-G759.

multi-disciplinary research projects.

Koichiro Ueda, Osamu Takahashi, Hisao Hiraba\*

Ichikawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: hiraba.hisao@nihon-u.ac.jp

VE: videoendoscopic evaluation of swallowing. VF: videofluoroscopic examination of

This work was supported by Sato research grand and Sogoshigaku research grant of Nihon University School of Dentistry, by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21592539) and by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology to promote

Kimiko Abe, Mituyasu Sato, Hisako Ishiyama, Akinari Hayashi and Kotomi Sakai

Department of Dysphasia Rehabilitation, Physics, Nihon University School of Dentistry,

[1] Asanuma H, Arissian K: Experiments on functional role of peripheral input to motor cortex during voluntary movements in the monkey. J Neurophysiol. 1984; 52:212–

[2] Baredes S, Shah CS, Kaufman R: The frequency of cricopharyngeal dysfunction on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in patients with dysphagia. Am J Otolaryngol

[3] Cook IJ1, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, Massey B, Kern MK, Lang IM, Brasseur JG, Hogan WJ: Opening mechanism of the human upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol

[4] Hikosaka O, Tanaka M, Sakamoto M, Iwamura Y: Deficits in manipulation of objects; An analysis of behavioral changes induced by local injections of muscimol in the first

somatosensory cortex of the conscious monkey. Brain Res 1985;325: 375-380.

, Masaru Yamaoka, Enri Nakayama,

swallowing. SI: first somatosensory cortex. M1: first motor cortex.

