Preface

Chapter 24 **Phosphorus Removal and Recovery from Digestate after Biogas**

Chapter 25 **Enhancing Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy — Crop Rotation Systems and Alternative Conversion Processes 547**

Hongjian Lin, Jing Gan, Aravindan Rajendran, Cristiano Eduardo

**Production 517**

**VIII** Contents

Ronald Hatfield

Rodrigues Reis and Bo Hu

Fuel for internal combustion engines and stationary equipment, including biofuels as alter‐ native fuels, should meet several requirements, directly or indirectly related to the provision of adequate performance, fuel economy and environmental protection. Due to the tighten‐ ing requirements for the greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the world, there are con‐ ducted scientific research leading to effective production of biofuels as substitutes for fossil fuels. Initially it was assumed that the basic raw material for biofuels production will be wide range of biomass. According to the European definition, biomass means the biode‐ gradable fraction of products, waste and residues of biological origin from agriculture (in‐ cluding vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Thus, assuming biomass as a primary source of raw materials for the biofuels production, in this definition there there are included two basic paths of raw materials and the correspond‐ ing conversion technologies, namely the processes of BtL ( *biomass to liquid* ), alternatively BtG (biomass to gas) and WtL (waste to liquid), alternatively WtG (waste to gas). There are also introduced *bioliquids* as liquid biofuels used for energy purposes other than for trans‐ port, including the production of electricity, heat and cold. Therefore, the processes leading to the bioliquids production, from so defined biomass as a raw material are located in the BtE ( *biomass to energy* ) and WtE ( *waste to energy* ).

Taking into account past experience and the development of biofuel production technology, specifically alternative fuels derived from biological materials and civilization waste (xtL processes) seeks primarily to reduce CO2 emissions, or its optimal balance in the production processes and fuel combustion. The introduction of the "xtL processes" was dictated by con‐ firmed of biomass as a raw material deficiency, which could prevent the obtaining from bio‐ fuels in the quantities for meeting the indicator goals, both in terms of percentile share in the total volume of transport fuels, as well as in significant reduction in carbon dioxide emis‐ sions. The problem of biomass shortage as a raw material is very crucial especially in Eu‐ rope, where the fulfillment of the goals requires the import of biomass and certain biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel and vegetable oils). Therefore, it is anticipated that raw materials per‐ spective for the production of biofuels will include: all waste substances (biodegradable in the beginning), including waste biomass (lignocellulosic feedstock), and - in the long term waste carbon dioxide, and even steam. Due to the environmental conditions the energy crops as raw material should be considered carefully. The modern state of the art, describes as safe crops (cultures): Jatropha, Camelina, halophytes and algae, which may be a raw ma‐ terial for biofuels. The need to search for new raw materials required for the production of biofuels (and bioliquids), is particularly important in industrialized countries. In these coun‐ tries, the need for the introduction of biofuels has been legally recognized and simultane‐ ously there has been the development of waste biomass processing technologies.

Considerations for raw materials, its properties, environmental impact and development prospects in the production and use of biofuels, have been included in this monograph, con‐ sisting of 25 chapters. The thematic scope is very comprehensive and mutually engaging, so it was difficult to clear dividing the content into monothematic sections, what hence may occur slight repetition of some of the problems in separate sections.

The section on Biofuels First Generation - Coventional, included chapters 1 to 5. This section starts panoramic chapter, showing the capacity to produce biodiesel from non-food sources of biomass. The second chapter presents the possibilities of biocatalytic technology produc‐ tion of biodiesel. Two more chapters include a discussion of biodiesel production technolo‐ gy in Sub-Saharan African Countries and Pakistan. Section ends with a chapter 5, showing the problems of the ethanol production from corn in the United States with an evaluation of the using by-products from this process possibility.

The second section comprises a Second Generation Biofuels - Advancement and contains three chapters (6 to 8). Chapters 6 and 8 show the complementary points of overwiew in the field of processes for the production of second generation biofuels from algae (microalgae) as raw material. This section ends with chapter 8, showing the sub and supercritical fluid technologies for the production of transportation biofuels.

Chapters 9 and 10 are the Alternative Fuels section. As it was already mentioned, these fuels because of increasing amounts of industrial wastes, mainly plastics, textiles, etc. can be an important source of energy. This section contains discussion of the scope of the study of pol‐ ystyrene in biodiesel solubility, and presents the overview of obtaining alternative fuels in coliquefaction processes with the biomass and coal, which was implemented in Malaysia.

The next section provides an overview of the problems in the field of biofuels Quality and Exploitation and consists of chapters 11 to 16. This section represents chapters that discuss: the impact of biofuels on burning of the particle emissions, thermoanalytical methods for assessing the quality of biodiesel, the quality of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil, the kinetics of the transesterification process used cooking oils using different alcohols and the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy for the quantitative assessment of the type of biomass. Section is closed by the chapter 16, showing the range of possibilities for the study of the use of certain types of biofuels in aviation.

The penultimate section of monograph is devoted to the problems in the field of assesment on the Environmental Impact and Policy and contains three chapters (17, 18 and 19). This section describes considerations in the field of environmental impact assesment of feedstock for biofuel production, especially rape cultivation and animal husbandry, in the Prairie provinces in Canada, as well as evaluating the long-term of biofuels impact on the state of the atmosphere in Brazil. This section is closed by chapter 9, which is the review of condi‐ tions in the field of biodiesel production in Mexico.

The last section of the monograph dedicated to the Biorefinery Processes, contains chapters from 20 to 25. Introductory chapter to this section is chapter 20, devoted to reviewed biorefi‐ nery technology, also in terms of their impact on sustainable development. The other chap‐ ters discuss sub-processes, ranging in biorefinery processes, including processes for initial use and preparation of raw materials, i.e. processes HTL - hydrothermal upgrading or lique‐ faction of biomass with the use of water under sub and supercritical conditions, processes of use waste glycerol to produce hydrogen (Chapter 22) and oxygen fuel additives (Chapter 23), processes for removal and use the phosphorus from animal manure (raw materials for the preparation of biogas and derivatives). This section and the entire monograph closes chapter 25, which discusses sustainable methods of obtaining biomass for energy purposes.

tries, the need for the introduction of biofuels has been legally recognized and simultane‐

Considerations for raw materials, its properties, environmental impact and development prospects in the production and use of biofuels, have been included in this monograph, con‐ sisting of 25 chapters. The thematic scope is very comprehensive and mutually engaging, so it was difficult to clear dividing the content into monothematic sections, what hence may

The section on Biofuels First Generation - Coventional, included chapters 1 to 5. This section starts panoramic chapter, showing the capacity to produce biodiesel from non-food sources of biomass. The second chapter presents the possibilities of biocatalytic technology produc‐ tion of biodiesel. Two more chapters include a discussion of biodiesel production technolo‐ gy in Sub-Saharan African Countries and Pakistan. Section ends with a chapter 5, showing the problems of the ethanol production from corn in the United States with an evaluation of

The second section comprises a Second Generation Biofuels - Advancement and contains three chapters (6 to 8). Chapters 6 and 8 show the complementary points of overwiew in the field of processes for the production of second generation biofuels from algae (microalgae) as raw material. This section ends with chapter 8, showing the sub and supercritical fluid

Chapters 9 and 10 are the Alternative Fuels section. As it was already mentioned, these fuels because of increasing amounts of industrial wastes, mainly plastics, textiles, etc. can be an important source of energy. This section contains discussion of the scope of the study of pol‐ ystyrene in biodiesel solubility, and presents the overview of obtaining alternative fuels in coliquefaction processes with the biomass and coal, which was implemented in Malaysia. The next section provides an overview of the problems in the field of biofuels Quality and Exploitation and consists of chapters 11 to 16. This section represents chapters that discuss: the impact of biofuels on burning of the particle emissions, thermoanalytical methods for assessing the quality of biodiesel, the quality of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil, the kinetics of the transesterification process used cooking oils using different alcohols and the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy for the quantitative assessment of the type of biomass. Section is closed by the chapter 16, showing the range of possibilities for the study of the use

The penultimate section of monograph is devoted to the problems in the field of assesment on the Environmental Impact and Policy and contains three chapters (17, 18 and 19). This section describes considerations in the field of environmental impact assesment of feedstock for biofuel production, especially rape cultivation and animal husbandry, in the Prairie provinces in Canada, as well as evaluating the long-term of biofuels impact on the state of the atmosphere in Brazil. This section is closed by chapter 9, which is the review of condi‐

The last section of the monograph dedicated to the Biorefinery Processes, contains chapters from 20 to 25. Introductory chapter to this section is chapter 20, devoted to reviewed biorefi‐ nery technology, also in terms of their impact on sustainable development. The other chap‐ ters discuss sub-processes, ranging in biorefinery processes, including processes for initial use and preparation of raw materials, i.e. processes HTL - hydrothermal upgrading or lique‐

ously there has been the development of waste biomass processing technologies.

occur slight repetition of some of the problems in separate sections.

the using by-products from this process possibility.

X Preface

of certain types of biofuels in aviation.

tions in the field of biodiesel production in Mexico.

technologies for the production of transportation biofuels.

Presented monograph is the result of research and analytical work of many authors. The creation of this monograph require a lot of work, both on organization and coordination stage. Therefore, on behalf of myself and all the other authors, I express many thanks to Ms. Iva Simcic from InTech Publishing. Her engagement led to the involvement of this, I hope, interesting and needed monograph.

In closing, I would like to thank my wife, Danuta, for understanding, patience and suppor‐ tive words of encouragement that helped me to carry out the all work related with the edi‐ tion of this monograph.

> **Prof, Krzysztof Biernat** Institute of Ecology and Bioethics of CSWU Automotive Industry Institute Warsaw, Poland

**Biofuels First Generation-Conventional**
