**2. Waste cooking oil raw converted to biofuel**

The McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest chain of fast-food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries across 35,000 outlets [49]. The waste cooking oil in about 90% of McDonald's restaurants is used for after-market uses, including biodiesel. The used cooking oil from the restaurants is collected, recycled into biodiesel, and put back into distributors' trucks to fuel their deliveries to McDonald's restaurants. In a few countries, McDonald's waste cooking oil are a closed-loop system. Since 2013, McDonald's developmen‐ tal licensee in the United Arab Emirates operates a 100% closed-loop biodiesel system. More than 25,000 liters of waste cooking oil are being collected from McDonald's approximately 108 restaurants each month and converted into biodiesel. Waste cooking oil is stored at the restaurants in a specially designed container. 1.75 million liters of biodiesel have been generated from waste cooking oil and used to power the distribution fleet. Excess biodiesel can be sold, helping other companies reduce their transportation impacts. In the United Kingdom (in 2013), McDonald's replaced more than 3 million liters of diesel fuel with biofuel made from used cooking oil collected at approximately 1,200 restaurants. Across markets in Europe, the waste cooking oil from more than 80% of the McDonald's Europe restaurants is being converted into biodiesel. In Brazil 19 restaurants are participating in a closed-loop system that has recycled more than 187,000 liters of used cooking oil into 65,000 liters of biodiesel since 2009, for use in five trucks that deliver to the restaurants [50].
