**6. Conclusion**

of biorefinery raw materials. Hence, most of the operating systems in the world are the oneplatform systems and two- or three-platform systems. Production processes planned or implemented in these systems are mainly for the obtaining of bioethanol, biomethanol, and less biomethane and a few types of biochemicals, including biodegradable monomers. One of the most interesting biorefinery plants is a pilot plant LanzaTech, New Zealand, in which the fermentation process of compressed syngas obtained by the gasification of waste wood and solid urban municipal waste (MSW) is conducted. Synthesis gas fermentation process is carried out to obtain bioethanol, and regardless of this process, in a separate technology path, from the recovery of CO, CO2, and H2 from syngas fermentation process, it is planned to receive a hydrocarbons from C2 to C5, as a potential biofuel components and/or biochemicals, including again the ethanol and acetic acid (ethanoic), C2; isopropanol and acetone (dimethylketone), C3; and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), butane, isobutane, and succinic acid (1,4-butanedioic), C4,

**Figure 20.** Block diagram of the installation LanzaTech in New Zealand (according to IEA Bioenergy Task 42) [49]

The diagram also shows the power unit which is used to supply heat and power to the plant in the biorefinery system. This block is supplied by different types of raw materials than technological resources, but also coming from renewable sources or waste substances.

Interesting system is proposed by the company Avantium Chemicals B.V. from the Nether‐ lands. In this three-platform system (C5 and C6 sugars and lignin) is proposed to receive a perspective and very interesting furan fuels, polymers and monomers (furan dicarboxylic acid, furan diamine), fine and specialty chemicals (organic acids, solvents, flavors and fragrances), and solid fuels (humans and lignin residues). The raw material for the installation proposed by Avantium is generally defined lignocellulosic material (cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, and sucrose), contained in the various sources. The essence of the proposed process is to develop

and isoprene, C5. A block diagram of this plant is shown in Fig. 20.

452 Biofuels - Status and Perspective

The essence of the biorefinery processes is renewable raw materials, by-product, and waste processing for biofuels and high-value chemical products. Those processes should be led with possibly high effectiveness and in closed circulation of CO2. Process of biorefinery system creation requires high capital expenditures of technology and installation and needs assurance of appropriate raw material, personnel, and logistic background.

As can be seen from the foregoing considerations, there are a number of concepts of biorefinery development. These concepts are substantially different from each other by type of raw material used in the planned manufacturing processes to yield energy carriers like fuel and a certain group of derivatives which may be used in further chemical processes.

Generally, the biorefinery process should consist of transforming raw materials of organic origin and various origins, so to obtain a mixture of liquid components (mainly hydrocarbons), so-called bio-oil in transformation process.

The next step in the process should constitute processes similar in principle to the oil prepa‐ ration processes, leading to a distillation treatment (degassing, demulsibility, dewatering, cleaning, etc.).

In the final part of the biorefining system undistilling, refining, and hydrogenation processes of bio-oil in principle are no different from the nonconservative processes realized for crude oil converting. Therefore, biorefinery complexes can be built at the beginning based on the modification of existing oil refineries by expansion of complex installation of feed transfor‐ mation into mixtures of liquid fractions.

For example, in Poland, there is a few low-efficient oil refineries, which untapped technolog‐ ical, installation, and human potential could be used with biorefinery complex building. The potential can be used with further processing and refine processed biomass to the liquid form. Planned undertaking widely reduces capital costs and enables obtaining chemical substances and biofuel production, which fulfill modern engines and heat devices qualitative require‐ ments. That is why it was assumed to build an experimental biorefinery using technology potential of little oil refinery in Poland. Figure 21 shows the technological schema of planned biorefinery system.

**Figure 21.** Diagram of biorefinery based on conventional oil refinery [50]

The essence of planned undertaking is elaboration or selection of suitable technologies of biomass liquefaction by pyrolytic process to "bio-oil" phase. It is also possible to use of gasification processes and then selective liquefaction. In this process, there is expected a technology elaboration, where from the liquid fraction will be selected "non-energetic" substances. Those substances can't be used in further processing like biocomponents, but they could become biorefinery products or industry semiproducts for further synthesis. Refined bio-oil will become resource for obtaining and refining process using existing refinery installations like atmospheric and vacuum distillation, rectification, refinement, thermal and catalytic cracking, alternately reforming, and hydrogen process. After processing remains could become raw material for further synthesis.

Development of technology for biomass conversion in the biorefinery system based on the technology processes and systems of conventional oil refinery will require the realization of research processes in the following main areas:


**•** Technology of converting co-products into marketable products
