**Author details**

Oleg Bukhtoyarov1,2\* and Denis Samarin2

\*Address all correspondence to: bukhtoyarov@mail.ru

1 Department of Psychological Studies, Scientific-Research Institute of the Russia's Federal Penitentiary Service, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation

#### **References**

hypnotherapy and original techniques of epicutaneous and extracorporeal activation of

Thus, the early diagnosis of cancer patients with psychogenic medical history and the use of pathogenesis-based cancer treatment will allow reducing financial costs and improving the

The present study revealed there to be a special group of advanced cancer patients by the presence of their psychogenic medical history, comorbid psychoemotional disorders, and suppressed specific anti-tumour activity of the immune system. The above mentioned characteristics, we believe, are the clinical criteria of psychogenic (stressful) carcinogenesis [25]. Therefore, the comorbid psychoemotional disorders of this group of advanced cancer patients have a major influence on the course and outcome of the cancer disease. These patients need to receive a special psychoimmunological treatment, consisting of two strictly sequential steps: elimination of psychoemotional disorders, and activation of specific anti-tumour immunity. At the same time, the impossibility of the sustained relief of psychoemotional disorders in advanced cancer patients at the first stage of cancer treatment excludes a further transition to the immunoactivation stage, and can be considered to be an adverse prognostic factor with regard to the lives of these patients. The results of this study are preliminary and require further clinical evidence on a larger contingent of patients with cancer, and may be

interesting to various professionals involved in treating advanced cancer patients.

The authors gratefully acknowledge Alexey Palchevsky (Kaliningrad, Russian Federation) for financial support and Andrei Kovalevskii MD (Kazakhstan), RMT (Canada) for the Russian/

1 Department of Psychological Studies, Scientific-Research Institute of the Russia's Federal

2 Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad,

specific anti-tumour immunity.

results of cancer treatment.

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

Russian Federation

English translation and proofreading of this article.

\*Address all correspondence to: bukhtoyarov@mail.ru

Penitentiary Service, Moscow, Russian Federation

Oleg Bukhtoyarov1,2\* and Denis Samarin2

**6. Conclusion**


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**Chapter 4**
