**1. Introduction**

[182] Luis D, Romero E. Análogos De Insulina: Modificaciones En La Estrutura, Consec‐

[183] Simó R. Nueva insulina basal de acción ultralenta: insulina degludec. Av Diabetol

[184] Owens DR, Zinman B, Bolli GB. Insulins today and beyond. Lancet 2001 Sep

[185] Bailey CJ, Barnett, A. H. Inhaled insulin: new formulation, new trial. The Lanced

[186] Siekmeier R, Scheuch G. Inhaled insulin--does it become reality? Journal of physiolo‐ gy and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society 2008

[187] Mastrandrea LD. Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administra‐

[188] Arnolds S, Heise T. Inhaled insulin. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology

[189] Tibaldi JM. Evolution of insulin development: focus on key parameters. Advances in

[190] Neumiller JJ, Campbell RK. Technosphere insulin: an inhaled prandial insulin prod‐ uct. BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy

[191] Mastrandrea LD. Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administra‐

[192] Tibaldi JM. Evolution of Insulin Development: Focus on Key Parameters. Adv Ther

tion. Vascular health and risk management 2010;6:47-58.

tion. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2010;6:47-58.

uencias Moleculares Y Metabolólicas. Semergen 2013;39(1):34-40.

2013;29(1):4-11.

184 Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

1;358(9283):739-46.

2010;375:2199-201.

Dec;59 Suppl 6:81-113.

& metabolism 2007 Dec;21(4):555-71.

therapy 2012 Jul;29(7):590-619.

2010 Jun;24(3):165-72.

2012;29(7):590–619.

#### **1.1. The definition of caloric restriction therapy**

Caloric restriction (CR) is to treat some diseases by restricting the intake of calorie or the content of a particular ingredient of the diet, while ensuring the basic nutritional need [1]. It was used to increase average and maximum lifespan in ancient times [2], however, in last 100 years CR effect on improvement of T2DM has been established by many researchers, because it can improve the metabolic parameters and pancreas islet function of type 2 diabetic patients [3]. The treatment efficacy and safety has been clear.

### **1.2. The main forms of caloric restriction therapy**

Nowadays, CR is only used in basic and clinical researches, and its form is disunity. The earliest form of this method used in the study is called fasting, which means apastia, and the partici‐ pators should never eat anything except drink water. This method was eliminated because of its uncertain adverse reactions [4]. According to the different restricted objects of CR, it can be divided into low-calorie restriction diet, low-carbohydrate restriction diet, low-fat restriction diet and so on; according to the different frequency of CR, we can divide it into continuous CR, intermittent CR (followed CR for 2 days per week and normal diet at the other times) or every other day CR (followed CR one day and a normal diet the next day); and it can also been divided into short-term CR (≤9 days) and long-term CR (>9 days) according to the length of restriction duration. Moreover, low-calorie restriction could be divided into low-caloric diet (LCD) and very-low-caloric diet (VLCD). All of them may improve the state of T2DM, control

© 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

the blood glucose stably and reduce its morbidity, but the differences of the treatment efficacy among them are not clear until now.
