**Author details**

Beate Sodian1\*, Tobias Schuwerk1,2 and Susanne Kristen1


#### **References**


perger Syndrome or High-functioning Autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psy‐ chiatry 2001; 42(2) 241-251.

Another important issue in research on implicit and explicit ToM in autism concerns task analysis: To what extent do certain tasks require automatic, on-line tracking skills (e.g., nonverbal decoding skills) versus conscious and learned reflection on mental states (e.g., the use of mental state vocabulary when describing oneself). The REM task, for instance, requires both types of processing, since one has to decode emotions but also to ascribe the correct verbal label to the emotion. Therefore, it is difficult to pinpoint the nature of autistic individuals' impairments in the task. Similarly, self-descriptions pose complex demands on different levels of processing. Impairments of individuals with ASD may arise from deficits in the fast and automatic retrieval of self-related information as well as from an inability to express their ideas about themselves with a mentalistic vocabulary they have not fully acquired, thus leading to a less detailed and mentalistic account of themselves as individuals. Future research needs to further analyze the relative contribution of implicit and explicit skills in solving a wide array

Preparation of this chapter was supported by a grant from the Volkswagen Foundation and a

1 Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

2 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany

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Beate Sodian1\*, Tobias Schuwerk1,2 and Susanne Kristen1

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**Section 3**
