Self-sufficient ratio [%] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]Time [h]

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Electric consumption

Electric consumption

Combined power generation system

Combined power generation system

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

20

Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]

1

2

23 Figur

23 Figur

e 24.

e 24.

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Title of right vertical axis:

Title of right vertical axis:

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Title of right vertical axis:

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Title of right vertical axis:

Proof Corrections Form

PROOF CORRECTIONS FORM

U0 = 3.00 - 12.00 m/s

Kinematic viscosity coefficient

Density of wind at inlet 1.166 kg/m<sup>3</sup> Temperature of wind at inlet 293 K Pressure of wind at inlet 0.1 MPa

of wind 1.56×10-5

Slip on side wall of building V = (0.41×|l|)

Dissipation rate (1.58×10-3

Calculation number 10000 Residue of each parameter <1.0×10-5 Calculation state Steady state

Table 2. Specifications of wind turbine

Time [h]

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]

Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]

Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]

to electric consumption in April

Power energy, Electric consumption [kWh]

to electric consumption in January

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Self-sufficient ratio [%]

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Electric consumption

Combined power generation system

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Electric consumption

Combined power generation system

Wind turbine Photovoltaic

Electric consumption

Combined power generation system

Electric consumption

Combined power generation system

Power energy[kWh/m²]

160 Global Warming - Causes, Impacts and Remedies

Wind speed at inlet <sup>U</sup> = U0×(z/30)0.25 m/s

Turbulent flow model Standard k -ε model Turbulent energy 0.025 m<sup>2</sup>

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Total amount of power energy in a day: 0.71kWh/m<sup>2</sup>

Time [h]

23 Figur

23 Figur

e 23.

e 23.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

Time [h]

Self-sufficient ratio [%] **Figure 21.** Variation of energy output of each power generation system and self-sufficient ratio of power generation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

Time [h]

**Figure 22.** Variation of energy output of each power generation system and self-sufficient ratio of power generation

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

Time [h]

Self-sufficient ratio of combined power generation system

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

Time [h]

 m2 /s

/s2

)/z m<sup>2</sup> /s2

0.25U

(U <sup>0</sup> = 3.00 - 12.00 m/s)

Chapter Title: A Study on Assessment of Power Output by Integrating Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic Energy Sources with Futuristic Smart Buildings

No. Delete Replace with

Author(s) Name(s): Akira Nishimura

5th row, 2nd column:

U0 = 3.00 12.00 m/s

Table caption:

Time h]

Title of horizontal axis:

Title of right vertical axis:

Title of right vertical axis:

Title of right vertical axis:

Title of right vertical axis:

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Self-sufficient ratio [ ]

Table 2. Specification of wind turbine

Page No.

6 Table 1.

9 Table 2.

19 Figur

22 Figur

22 Figur

23 Figur

23 Figur

e 24.

e 23.

e 22.

e 21.

e 18.

Line

Self-sufficient ratio [%] **Figure 23.** Variation of energy output of each power generation system and self-sufficient ratio of power generation to electric consumption in July 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 Time [h]

 **Figure 24.** Variation of energy output of each power generation system and self-sufficient ratio of power generation to electric consumption in October

2

2

The proposed model of combined built environment renewable energy supply system is effective for reducing the usage of the power generated by thermal power plant, i.e., it is effectively reducing the significant amount of CO2 emission. To improve the performance of the proposed building model, the following investigations are suggested:


thermal chemical conversion from ammonia to hydrogen is also promising. The renewable energy can be stored as an electro-chemical energy and it can be used as energy source when it is needed. Solar thermal chemical conversion can also help in overcoming the miss match between the power supply of combined renewable power generation systems and electric demand.

## **4. Conclusions**

The proposed model of combined built environment renewable energy supply system is effective for reducing the usage of the power generated by thermal power plant, i.e., it is effectively reducing the significant amount of CO2 emission. To improve the performance of

**i.** The effect of building size and layout on the wind speed distribution around

**ii.** To select the area where the wind direction is not changed throughout the year is

**iii.** Though the tilt angle of PV array is optimized by examining the data of solar

**iv.** Feasibility study on the proposed building model by assuming the installation of it

**v.** As an application model to meet the electric demand more, the building model

radiation, the installation direction of PV array is fixed opening towards south. If the system tracking solar orbit is considered in the proposed building model, the power output of PV system increases. In addition, the effect of installing PV modules on side wall of buildings is effective for increasing the power generated from PV system.

in more different actual areas should be carried out. By investigating the versatility of the proposed building model under the various meteorological conditions, the assumption and building size and layout which are set in the model would be

including secondary battery and fuel cell systems as well as wind turbine and PV system can be imaginable. If there is a miss match between the power supply of combined renewable power generation system such as wind turbine and PV and electric consumption, the secondary battery or fuel cell system can provide the power to cover the miss match. In order to produce the hydrogen for fuel cell, the solar

necessary to obtain the high accelerated wind by the proposed building model. The wind blowing from the main wind direction is the most desirable to realize the high performance of the proposed building model. Therefore, the research on the optimum area for installing the building model is important. Otherwise, the building layout should be changed by increasing the number of buildings. If the four buildings are located like a cross with keeping the space at the center for installing a wind turbine,

buildings and power generation performance of built environment wind turbine should be investigated. For example, though the angle between two buildings of 90 degree is proved to be effective for accelerating the wind, the other angles have a possibility to produce higher power from wind turbine. As an example, the wider angle such as 135 degree can suck the wind inside the nozzle shaped building model. If the speed of accelerated wind obtained by the building model whose angle between two building is 135 degree is comparable to that by the building model whose angle between two building is 90 degree, the power generated by wind turbine is larger due to increase in the number of wind direction whose wind can be utilized for power generation. However, it is believed that there is the optimum building size and layout to obtain higher wind acceleration effectively because it is difficult to make a

the proposed building model, the following investigations are suggested:

162 Global Warming - Causes, Impacts and Remedies

contracted flow by too wider angle between two buildings.

the wind from every wind direction might be tapered.

improved to match the actual meteorological condition.

In this chapter, building topologies/orientations/layouts in a smart city are investigated for finding out the wind speed distribution profiles in the built environment. The analysis of wind speed distribution and directions are very important for not only to find the mechanical wind stress but also to find the energy content in the wind and a location for wind turbine in built environment. This analysis is also useful for designing the building layouts in such a way to make the nozzle of the wind by using wind directions and then finding out the proper location of the wind turbine in smart city. In this work, building layouts like nozzle is proposed and investigated to obtain the contracted flow by blowing wind through the buildings. The output power of wind turbine is estimated by using the power curve of real wind turbine and the wind speed distribution around buildings by using the wind speed data for Tsu city (Japan). This chapter also investigates the power generation performance of PV system installed on a roof of the building by using the actual meteorological data of Tsu city. The power generation characteristics of the combined system including wind turbine and PV assumed to be operated under the actual meteorological conditions, is evaluated and compared with the electric consumption profile of the consumer assumed to utilize/occupy the building. The main conclusions obtained from these investigations are as follows:


## **Author details**

Akira Nishimura1\* and Mohan Kolhe2

\*Address all correspondence to: nisimura@mach.mie-u.ac.jp

1 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan

2 Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway

## **References**


Outline of Experiment and Calculation, Influence of Various Calculation Conditions. Wind Engineers 2005; 30(2): 133-134.

**v.** The combined power generation system proposed by this study can cover the 57.7%

**vi.** Comparing the power generation characteristics of the combined power generation

**vii.** In order to realize the energy supply system with CO2 free by improving the power

1 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu,

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164 Global Warming - Causes, Impacts and Remedies

future.

Akira Nishimura1\* and Mohan Kolhe2

**Author details**

Japan

**References**

self-sufficient ratio is available in July.

\*Address all correspondence to: nisimura@mach.mie-u.ac.jp

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