**Meet the editor**

Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Raj Singh, Director, School of Management Sciences, affiliated to UP Technical University, Lucknow, UP, India; was born in 1947 at Village Raibigo in District Sultanpur, UP, India. He received B.E. (Mechanical) from SVNIT, Surat, in 1972; M.E. (Analysis & Design), from MNNIT, Allahabad in 1988 and Ph.D., from UPTU, Lucknow, in 2010-11. He has

about 41-years experience of Industry, Administration and Academics. For 32-years, he served at various positions in Government Organizations and retired as M.D., from UP Rajkiya Nirman Nigam. Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Raj Singh has been recipient of many recognitions/awards Limca Book and CEE-Best Director-2014. Published 97-papers, 5-Books, 9-Book Chapters. His area of specialization is UCM, Ind.-Engg., Thermodynamics and Automobiles. His research field is Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development of air engines. Dr. Singh is Member of Editorial/Advisory Board in many International Journals.

## Contents

**Preface XI**


Chapter 6 **A Study on Economic Impact on the European Sardine Fishery due to Continued Global Warming 115** M. Dolores Garza-Gil, Manuel Varela-Lafuente, Gonzalo Caballero-Míguez and Julia Torralba-Cano

## **Section 3 Remedies To The Global Warming 137**

Chapter 7 **A Study on Assessment of Power Output by Integrating Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic Energy Sources with Futuristic Smart Buildings 139** Akira Nishimura and Mohan Kolhe

Chapter 8 **A Study of Various Aspects of Cement Chemistry and Industry Relevant to Global Warming and the Low Carbon and Low Energy Molten Salt Synthesis of Cement Compounds 169** Georgios M. Photiadis

## Preface

**Section 3 Remedies To The Global Warming 137**

Akira Nishimura and Mohan Kolhe

**Buildings 139**

**VI** Contents

Georgios M. Photiadis

Chapter 7 **A Study on Assessment of Power Output by Integrating Wind**

Chapter 8 **A Study of Various Aspects of Cement Chemistry and Industry**

**Relevant to Global Warming and the Low Carbon and Low Energy Molten Salt Synthesis of Cement Compounds 169**

**Turbine and Photovoltaic Energy Sources with Futuristic Smart**

**Global Warming (CP)** is now becoming a challenge for survival of species on Earth and draws attention of many modern societies, power and energy engineers, academicians, re‐ searchers and stakeholders to go for deeper study. Almost all countries are required to act fast and attend to major problems of depletion of fossil fuel resources, poor energy efficien‐ cy and environmental pollution and its dire consequences on priority. This book is written to create awareness of the energy engineers, academicians, researchers, industry personnel and society as a whole, and to emphasize current status of global warming and its impact on climate changes. We all know that humanity is at risk due to *Greenhouse gases* which are the main source of *Global Warming* . Our beautiful planet is being destroyed, due to excessive exploitation of Earth's resources from its reservoirs and other serious manmade problems.

The main objective of this book is to produce a good documentation from the point of view of knowledge seekers or public readers at large, and also those who are eager to know more about *Global Warming* and its impact on the Climate Changes, besides those who have raisen their voice for its remedial measures. Present state of environmental damage and continu‐ ous occurrence of natural disasters have made the environmentalist and scientists inevitable for their extensive study, and to carry out detailed analysis of the following threats faced by civilization across the entire globe due to global warming:

i). Is *Global Warming* caused by human activity?


vi). Ice sheets, where they meet at the Atlantic sea. This area may be affected by cold waves, heavy snow falls and intense storms.

vii). Permafrost may create further warming which cannot be reversed.

*The Global Warming* is increasing Earth's average surface temperature, due to the effect of Greenhouse gases such as: Carbon dioxide through emissions produced from burning of fossil fuels or from deforestation, which traps heat that would otherwise escape the Earth. This is a type of *Greenhouse effect* . The most significant Greenhouse gas is actually *Water Vapor* , not something produced directly by humankind in significant amounts. However, even slight increase in atmospheric levels of Carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause a substantial increase in Earth's atmospheric temperature. The ultimate effects, which we are likely to be faced as 21 st century challenges are:

Fast shrinkage of the Polar ice will diminish by 2040; fast rise in the Sea level, and that repre‐ sents danger for species like polar bears, penguins, etc.

On account such changes, Northern portion of Canada, USA and UK may be affected by cold waves, heavy snow falls and storms due to meeting of ice sheets in the Atlantic sea and Permafrost may create further warming which cannot be reversed.

The surface of the Earth is a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic upliftment and subsidence. Surface processes com‐ prise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth.

Sea levels are creeping up at the rate of *3.2 mm a year* . Until now, Greenland had been thought to contribute about *half a mm* . The real figures may be significantly higher. The rise will also come from the thermal expansion of the ocean and from melting glaciers and ice sheets.

Greenland has 680,000 cubic miles of ice in its ice sheets, which stretches up to 3 miles thick in some places and covers roughly three-quarters of the island. In the past 20 years, some of these glaciers, particularly in the Southeast and Northwest, have dumped ever increasing amounts of ice into the ocean. That water has accounted for more than 15% of global sea level rise over that period.

Glaciers have started a phase of self-sustained retreat and will irreversibly continue its de‐ cline. There may be a chance to grow glaciers at the Northern portion of Canada, USA, UK and may create venerable conditions of snow fall and cold waves in these regions.

A calculation shows that between April 2003 and April 2012, that region was losing ice at the rate of 10 billion tons a year. By year 2100, if a minimum of 3.6 feet (1.1 Meter) sea level rise occurs, then it will shift ice melt into water by 39.725 trillion tonnes or maximum 100-200 trillion tonnes.

Thus, looking into the weight shift from polar (Northern / Southern coast) to sea, it might create change in the spinning angle of the Earth from 23.42 degree to further (+) or (-). The day may be a dark day on the beautiful planet, when the entire living creatures may face dire consequences of their end up, provided things are checked and not to go beyond our control today.

Although number of books on **'Global Warming and its impacts'** are available in the mar‐ ket, but limited books are containing very little elaborative descriptions and in depth re‐ search papers that are not found with documentation towards causes of serious alarming situations, threats about dire consequences and its remedial measures on account of *Global Warming* . In this book, the subject matter has been presented in a very systematic and logi‐ cal manner which will satisfy all class of readers and research scholars for the development of an eco-friendly society.

In this book, eight chapters received from various authors, are placed in three sub- sections in a sequential and easy manner so as to strike an appropriate balance between breadth and depth of coverage of various topics. The content of these sub-sections is described below:

**1. Causes of Global Warming** covers influence of greenhouse gases to global warming based on radiative forcing, etc.

**2. Impacts / Threats / Consequences of Global Warming** deals with a study of impacts on continues shrinkage of Arctic sea and Sea level rise: Can glaciers be growing and creating new challenges to UK and USA?; Dire consequences are likely to happen if Earth's spinning angle gets little shifted: A study whether fast shrinkage of polar ice can be the cause; Investi‐ gation of the relative roles of the degradation of land and global warming in Amazonia; In‐ fluence of climate change on weed vegetation and economic impact on the european sardine fishery due to continued global warming.

Fast shrinkage of the Polar ice will diminish by 2040; fast rise in the Sea level, and that repre‐

On account such changes, Northern portion of Canada, USA and UK may be affected by cold waves, heavy snow falls and storms due to meeting of ice sheets in the Atlantic sea and

The surface of the Earth is a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic upliftment and subsidence. Surface processes com‐

Sea levels are creeping up at the rate of *3.2 mm a year* . Until now, Greenland had been thought to contribute about *half a mm* . The real figures may be significantly higher. The rise will also come from the thermal expansion of the ocean and from melting glaciers and ice

Greenland has 680,000 cubic miles of ice in its ice sheets, which stretches up to 3 miles thick in some places and covers roughly three-quarters of the island. In the past 20 years, some of these glaciers, particularly in the Southeast and Northwest, have dumped ever increasing amounts of ice into the ocean. That water has accounted for more than 15% of global sea

Glaciers have started a phase of self-sustained retreat and will irreversibly continue its de‐ cline. There may be a chance to grow glaciers at the Northern portion of Canada, USA, UK

A calculation shows that between April 2003 and April 2012, that region was losing ice at the rate of 10 billion tons a year. By year 2100, if a minimum of 3.6 feet (1.1 Meter) sea level rise occurs, then it will shift ice melt into water by 39.725 trillion tonnes or maximum

Thus, looking into the weight shift from polar (Northern / Southern coast) to sea, it might create change in the spinning angle of the Earth from 23.42 degree to further (+) or (-). The day may be a dark day on the beautiful planet, when the entire living creatures may face dire consequences of their end up, provided things are checked and not to go beyond our

Although number of books on **'Global Warming and its impacts'** are available in the mar‐ ket, but limited books are containing very little elaborative descriptions and in depth re‐ search papers that are not found with documentation towards causes of serious alarming situations, threats about dire consequences and its remedial measures on account of *Global Warming* . In this book, the subject matter has been presented in a very systematic and logi‐ cal manner which will satisfy all class of readers and research scholars for the development

In this book, eight chapters received from various authors, are placed in three sub- sections in a sequential and easy manner so as to strike an appropriate balance between breadth and depth of coverage of various topics. The content of these sub-sections is described below: **1. Causes of Global Warming** covers influence of greenhouse gases to global warming

and may create venerable conditions of snow fall and cold waves in these regions.

prise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth.

sents danger for species like polar bears, penguins, etc.

sheets.

VIII Preface

level rise over that period.

100-200 trillion tonnes.

of an eco-friendly society.

based on radiative forcing, etc.

control today.

Permafrost may create further warming which cannot be reversed.

**3. Remedies to the Global Warming** gives special focus on an assessment study of the pow‐ er output by integrating wind turbine and photovoltaic energy sources with futuristic smart buildings and also a detailed study of low carbon, low energy molten salt synthesis of ce‐ ment compound to reduce global warming.

I am grateful to the chapter authors who have contributed and incorporated all the sugges‐ tions given by the undersigned as an editor and editorial office of the InTech, timely. My thanks are also due to Ms. Iva Simcic, Publishing Process Manager, InTech Open Access Publisher, Rijeka, Croatia, regarding her help for publishing this book in the stipulated time.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to elder brother Shri Dashrath Singh, my wife Mrs. Malti Singh; *Children:* Nidhi-Rahul; Deepika-Saurabh, Gaurav Singh; *Grand children* : Navdi‐ tya, Nandika and Jayani for their assistance in discharging the responsibilities of an editor to document the *'Global Warming: Causes, Impacts and Remedies'* book.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to: i). Hon. Vice Chancellor, UP Technical University, Prof. R.K. Khandal and ii). Mr. Sharad Singh, CEO and Secretary, School of Man‐ agement Sciences, Lucknow, India, whose encouragements have given me strength to work on this book.

Advices and suggestions of our esteemed readers are welcomed and will be highly appreci‐ ated in further improvements.

## **Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Raj Singh**

Director, Institute of Technology, School of Management Sciences, *(Affiliated to: UP Technical University)* Lucknow-226501, Uttar Pradesh, India

**Causes of Global Warming**
