**5.2 LC innervation to midbrain dopaminergic neurons**

The midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the SN and VTA also receive direct innervation from LC noradrenergic neurons (Fritschy & Grzanna, 1990; Jones & Moore, 1977; Jones & Yang, 1985; Phillipson, 1979; Simon et al., 1979; Swanson & Hartman, 1975). The SN and VTA regions have detectable levels of NET binding, also indicating direct noradrenergic innervation and some of the innervation is from the LC (Szot, Personal communications). The SN and VTA also have β-, α1- and α2-AR binding sites (Szot, Personal communication; Boyajian et al., 1987; Hudson et al., 1992; Lee et al., 1998; Rainbow et al., 1984; Rosin et al., 1996; Scheinin et al., 1994; Strazielle et al., 1999). The LC directly innervates and modifies the activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons; the loss of LC noradrenergic neurons results in altered activity of dopaminergic neurons (Collingridge et al., 1979; Grenhoff et al., 1993, 1995; Grenhoff & Svensson, 1989, 1993; Guiard et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2010).
